I     of -America 
^oJt/iekn  (^li  fornix 

"    iatology  Etc. 


P.CKemo/hdino.M.D. 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


ULYSSES  S.  GRANT 
COLLECTION 


The  RALPH  D.  PEKD  LIBRARY 


DEPARTMENT  t 

UNIVERSITY  of 

LOS  AJsGELK 


KNIA 


1* 


2 


/   tY.2.. 


I'n  i   Firs  c  Toubis  ra 


illl.KN  California. 


The  Mediterranean  Shores 
of  America. 

SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA: 


CLIMATIC,  PHYSICAL,  AND  METEOROLOGICAL 
CONDITIONS. 


P.  C.   REMONDINO,   M.D. 


(JEFFERSON), 

MEMBER  OF  THE  AMERICAN  MEniCAL  ASSOCIATION,  OK  THE  AMERICAN  PUBLIC   HEALTH  ASSOCIATION,  OF  THE 

SAN    DIEGO   COUNTY    MEDICAL   SOCIETY,  OF   THE   STATE   BOARD   OF    HEALTH    OF  CALIFORNIA  ; 

VICE-PRESIDENT   Off  THE  CALIFORNIA  STATE    MEDICAL   SOCIETY  AND  OF  THE 

SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA    MEDICAL    SOCIETY,    ETC.,    ETC. 


lETTJIULY    ILLTJSTRATKD. 


1MIILADKMMIIA    AND    LONDON  ! 

THE  F.  A.  DAVIS  CO.,  PUBLISHERS, 

1892. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1892,  by 

THE  F.  A.  DAVIS  COMPANY, 

In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington,  D.  C,  U.  S.  A. 


Philadelphia,  Pa.,  U.  S.  A.: 

The  Medical  Bulletin  Printing  House, 

1231  Filbert  Street. 


Geology 
Library 

PREFACE. 


Climate  is  a  wonderful  as  well  as  a  powerful  factor — 
be  it  in  religion,  arts,  sciences,  or  civilization.  It  makes 
morality  and  creeds;  the  wild  and  weird  mysteries  of 
Eulesis,  the  festivals  of  the  Roman  Flora,  or  the  orgies 
that  accompanied  the  feasts  and  worship  of  Dionysius  or 
Bacchus,  never  could  have  taken  place  except  between 
certain  degrees  of  latitude.  Climate  determines  the  diet, 
occupation,  the  diseases  of  which  we  shall  suffer  and 
die,  as  well  as  the  average  length  of  our  existence ;  it 
determines  our  temper,  faculties,  and  facilities  for  ac- 
quiring knowledge  and  the  arts.  Climate  is.  in  fact,  as 
observed  by  Montesquieu,  the  most  powerful  of  all  em- 
pires. We  need  but  observe  the  effects  of  the  American 
climate  on  Europeans,  and  of  the  European  climate  on 
the  Americans,  to  become  convinced  of  the  truth  of  this 
assertion. 

Southern  California  climatology  is  quite  a  study ; 
many  of  its  meteorological  results  are  even  real  puzzles, 
— puzzles  met  with  nowhere  else.  It  has  many  oddi- 
ties ;  for  instance,  one  of  the  greatest  peculiarities  or 
oddities  of  this  climate  consists  in  the  relative  condi- 
tions existing  between  the  degrees  of  temperature  and 
the  degrees  of  atmospheric  humidity.  It  is  this  atmos- 
pheric condition  that  puzzles  all  new-comers,  and  that  i^ 
incomprehensible  to  the  average  observer  of  meteorologi- 
cal conditions  and  their  results.  As  a  medical  visitor 
once  observed  to  the  writer,  "Nature  has  evidently  fitted 
Southern  California  meteorology  with  such  a  nice  self- 
adjusting   regulator    that    climatic  accidents   to   health 

(hi) 


1.0 


IV  PREFACE. 

cannot  occur  to  you.  With  a  rise  in  the  thermometer 
you  have  a  double  discounting  diminution  in  your  hu- 
midity, and  with  a  fall  of  your  thermometer  you  have  an 
equal  double  discount  of  an  increase  in  your  humidity, 
which  at  once  produces  equability.  I  do  not  know  of  a 
region  on  the  wide  globe  that  is  so  favored." 

This  condition  is  its  actual  state,  and  the  peculiar 
adjustment  between  temperature  and  relative  humidity 
accounts  for  the  fact  that  our  people — delicate  ladies, 
children,  or  invalids — walk  the  streets  without  even  the 
protection  of  a  sun-shade,  in  a  temperature  of  over  100 
degrees  in  the  shade,  without  any  discomfort,  enervation, 
or  resulting  accident,  as  the  writer  observed  in  the  streets 
of  Los  Angeles,  in  the  first  week  in  June  of  1890,  the 
unusual  heat  being  then  due  to  forest  and  mountain 
fires.  It  is  this  nice  adjustment  that  also  explains  why, 
in  different  temperatures  and  in  apparently  gradually- 
increasing  extremes  of  thermometric  range,  as  it  is  ex- 
perienced in  moving  inland  toward  the  mountains  and 
in  departing  from  the  shore  of  the  sea,  that  the  same 
degree  of  health,  well-being,  and  the  meteorology  of  this 
section  is  one  full  of  interest.  It  gives  to  it  the  coolest 
summers  and  warmest  winters  in  the  United  States, 
with  an  absence  necessarily  of  either  spring  or  fall 
weather.  Space  will  not  permit  a  fuller  description,  but, 
in  conclusion,  it  may  be  said  that  it  is  to  this  equability 
and  the  peculiarities  described  that  California,  especially 
the  "Italy  of  America"  of  Charles  Dudley  Warner, 
enjoys  the  possession  of  a  climate  that  is  the  best,  either 
for  production,  comfort,  health,  or  long  life. 

Although  on  the  shores  of  a  vast  ocean,  no  sea-shore 
is  more  free  from  high  or  boisterous  winds  or  storms. 
In  evidence  of  this  it  may  be  stated  that  at  the  Signal- 
Service  Station  in  this  city  the  cautionary  storm  signals, 


PREFACE.  V 

consisting  of  the  various  colored  flags  and  Lanterns  that 
are  generally  used  at  sea-ports  in  the  rest  of  the  United 
States,  were  returned  to  the  Washington  office  after 
having  laid  here  for  eight  years  without  ever  having 
been  once  used.  The  region  has  not  one  lightning-rod 
to  the  writer's  knowledge;  and  neither  linen  dusters, 
fur  coats,  sun-shades,  or  any  other  stormy  weather,  heat 
or  cold  preventives  are  here  necessary.  The  enchanted 
isles  of  the  dreams  of  our  free  and  careless  youthful 
imagination  have  here  their  actual  earthly  reality ;  the 
paradise,  as  far  as  climate  can  make  it.  is  in  this  favored 
region.  Here  disease  and  death  may  he  kept  at  bay 
and  life  enjoyed  to  the  end  of  the  term  of  man's  natural 
existence. 

Again,  persons  are  in  the  habit  of  speaking  of  the 
Southern  California  climate  as  they  would  of  that  of  one 
of  the  Sandwich  Islands,  or  of  that  of  some  other  con- 
stricted locality,  when,  in  fact,  it  would  be  as  relational 
to  speak  of  the  climate  of  the  north  of  Italy  a-  ;i 
whole,  and  give  to  the  Valley  of  Aosta,  that  of  Susa, 
or  to  the  hills  of  the  Apennines  a  like  climate  to  that 
of  the  Riviera  or  of  Venice,  and  where  Genoa — although 
on  the  same  shores  with  Mentom — possesses  an  alto- 
gether inferior  medical  climate. 

Southern  California  lias  fully  as  varied  a  climatology 
as  that  of  the  north  of  Italy;  it  may  even  lie  said  to 
possess  more  extremes  of  condition  ;  but,  with  these  ex- 
tremes, it  enjoys  the  anomalous  condition  of  ha\ ring  these 
extremes  alike  favorable  to  health  and  long  life — just 
the  reverse  of  the  Italian  extremes. 

Southern  California  has  six  distinct  classes  of  cli- 
mates, all  having  a  therapeutic  value  and  application,  as 
follows  : — 

1.   A  purely  insular  climate. 


VI  PREFACE. 

2.  The  peninsular  climate. 

3.  The  coast  climate. 

4.  The  foot-hill  and  valley  climate,  200  to  2500  feet 
elevation. 

5.  The  mountain  climate,  2500  to  9000  feet  elevation. 

6.  The  desert  climate,  from  360  feet  below  sea-level 
to  2500  feet  elevation. 

Of  these  the  three  first  are  essentially  marine  cli- 
mates, the  fourth  is  partly  marine  in  its  effects  and  influ- 
ence, and  the  fifth  and  sixth  classes  are  land  climates. 
None  of  the  six  can  be  called  moist  or  humid,  as  the 
same  dryness  and  aseptic  condition  of  the  atmosphere 
that  is  found  on  the  coast  or  inland  prevails  on  the 
neighboring-  islands. 

Invalids  with  the  same  disease  and  temperament  do 
not  always  do  well  alike  in  the  same  locality,  by  any 
means,  and  a  variety  of  climates  is  to  them  a  necessity. 
This  region  not  only  has  a  great  variety  of  climates,  but 
a  variety  that  is  susceptible  of  further  subdivision.  The 
San  Diego  Bay  region  alone  furnishes  no  less  than  four 
distinct  localities,  each  with  its  characteristics,  besides 
the  difference  furnished  by  elevation,  where  the  range 
between  day  and  night  is  still  less  than  on  the  lower 
lands. 

California  climatology  is  not  a  new  discovery.  Blod- 
gct  discovered  and  described  its  main  general  features 
long  ago  ;  as  far  back  as  in  1857,  in  his  great  work  on 
the  '■  Climatology  of  the  United  States,"  in  speaking  of 
the  Pacific-coast  climates,  he  says,  at  page  200  : — 

"  The  elastic  atmosphere  and  bracing  effect  of  the 
Pacific  climates  constitute  a  striking  difference  from 
those  of  the  Eastern  States.  Whether  due  to  the  ab- 
sence  of  humidity  alone  is  not  clear;  but,  whatever  the 
cause,  it   is   a   notable   practical    feature.     The   interior 


PREFACE.  All 

valleys,  where  the  heat  is  excessive,  are  similar  to  the 
cold  coast  also,  and  there  is  no  climate  which  is  not  the 
reverse  of  enervating  in  its  whole  extent.  II'.  as  before 
stated,  the  moisture  of  the  sea-air  on  the  Pacific  is  rela- 
tive rather  than  positive,  or  is  developed  by  the  contact 
of  great  extremes  of  temperature,  the  whole  may  be 
taken  as  more  dry  than  it  would  at  first  appear  to  be.  and 
its  uniformly  bracing-  character  will  not  be  difficult  to  ac- 
count for.  As  it  is,  all  residents  concur  in  pronouncing 
it  more  favorable  to  physical  and  mental  activity  than 
any  they  have  known,  from  whatever  quarter  they  come. 
The  heat  of  the  South,  where  the  peculiarities  of  Spain 
are  reproduced,  is  never  enervating,  ami  that  of  the  ex- 
cessively hot  valley  of  the  interior  is  singularly  endurable." 

California  meteorology  is  something  that  will  interest 
the  reader,  whether  in  search  of  a  more  genial  home  or 
in  search  of  lost  health,  or,  even  if  only  as  a  matter  of 
new  information  about  one's  own  country.  The  data 
and  tables  given  have  all  been  compiled  from  the  U.  S. 
Signal-Service  Office,  or  from  reliable  observations  made 
witli  perfected  and  tested  instruments.  The  data  will 
be  sufficient  whereby  to  form  an  intelligent  opinion 
regarding  the  climate. 

The  book  is  necessarily  an  incomplete  work. — being 
only  intended  as  a  short  guide  or  abridged  hand-book. 
Of  this  the  author  is  well  aware;  but  he  has  undertaken, 
in  as  condensed  a  form  as  possible,  to  give  to  the  seeker 
alter  a  climate  for  health  such  information  as  will  be  of 
value,  besides  giving  to  the  reader  some  general  ideas  on 
climatology  in  relation  to  health  and  disease  not  often 
found  in  local  climatic  guide-books.  He  has  also  en- 
deavored to  explain  that  much  more  depends  on  the 
care  and  prudence  of  a  patient  than  is  generally  believed, 
and  that  too  much  should  not  be  left  to  climatic  effects. 


Vlll  PREFACE. 

In  closing,  the  author  acknowledges  kindly  assistance 
and  favors  in  material  for  illustrations  from  Harper  & 
Brothers,  The  Cosmopolitan,  The  California  Illustrated 
Magazine  ;  Mrs.  Madge  Morris  Wagner,  of  the  Golden 
Era  ;  Mr.  Barry,  of  the  Richfield  News  ;  Mrs.  Turner,  of 
the  "Elite  Studio"  of  San  Diego,  and  from  Mr.  Willard, 
of  the  Los  Angeles  Chamber  of  Commerce.  Although 
the  book  is  not  a  descriptive  work,  the  illustrations  will 
assist  the  reader  to  a  better  knowledge  of  the  region  to 
which  it  is  devoted.  And  last,  but  not  least,  the  writer 
must  acknowledge  his  thanks  to  the  publishers,  The 
F.  A.  Davis  Company,  for  the  neatness  and  dispatch 
with  which  the  work  has  been  issued. 


P.  C.  Remondino,  M.D. 

San  Diego,  Cal.,  1892. 


CONTENTS. 


Preface, 

Contents, 

List  of  Illustrations,        .... 

Bibliography, 

Introduction, 

Meteorological  Conditions  and  Disease, 

Sea-Air  and  Marine  Climates, 

Ocean-Moisture  and  Soil-Moisture, 

Rain  and  Rainy  Weather  on  Coasts,    . 

Misapplied  Terms  as  to  Moist  Climates, 

Extreme  Diyness  of  the  Air, 

Consumption  and  Temperature,    . 

Geographical  Limits  of  Consumption, 

The  Relative  Merits  of  Altitudes, 

Why  Phthisis  is  more  Prevalent  on  Lower  Elevations 

Are  Altitudes  Exempt  from  Consumption  ? 

Ventilation  and  not  Altitude  the  Factor  in  Exempting 

Equability  of  Temperature  an  Important  Factor, 

Different  Effects  of  Sunshine  and  Shade, 

Sea  and  Mountain  Climate  on  Infant  Mortality. 

Marine  Climate  and  Adult  Life,  . 

Southern  California:  Its  Physical, Meteorological,  and 
Climatological  Conditions, 
Area  and  Extent, 
Mountain  Chains, 

Valleys, 

Soil, 

Soil  Heat  and  Dryness, 

Rivers,  ...... 

Ocean  and  Channel  Currents, 

(ix) 


PAGE 

iii 
ix 
xi 
xiii 
1 
6 
7 
11 
12 
14 
14 
17 
17 
19 
20 
20 
2  - 
22 
25 
26 
30 

34 
34 
86 

37 

40 

41 

I 'J 


\  CONTENTS. 

'rides,      ....... 

Islands,  ...... 

Fauna,  ....... 

Flora, 

Temperature,         ..... 

Temperature  of  the  Sea- Water,    . 
Temperature  of  the  Valleys, 
Temperature  of  the  Mountains,    . 
Desert  Temperature,      .... 

Summary  of  the  Subject  of  Temperature, 
Winds,  ....... 

Rain-Fall  and  Rainy  Seasons, 

Relation  of  Rain-Fall  to  Health  and  Disease, 

Atmospheric  Humid  it}', 

Barometer,    ...... 

Atmospheric  Electricity, 

Diaphanous  Conditions  of  the  Atmosphere, 

Sunshine, 

Thunder  and  Lightning, 

Ozone,  ....... 

Competent  Observers'  Views  of  the  Climate, 
Effects  of  the  Climate,  .... 

Vital  Statistics, 

General  Statistics  and  Advice, 

Altitudes  and  Southern  California  Resorts, 
Are  Altitudes  Necessary  to  the  Consumptive  ? 
Examples  Furnished  by  the  Anahuac  Plateau, 
Aerial- Voyage  Meteorology  Not  Applicable  to 

Firma, 

California  Elevations  Do  Not  Differ  Medically  fr 

Lowlands,  ....... 

Remarkable  Cases  of  Chest  Wounds  and  RecoA 
Hereditary  Consumption  and  Climate, 
Pneumonia  and  our  Climate, 


Terrs 
the 


Oil) 


eries 


PAGE 

45 

47 

48 

50 

51 

70 

73 

78 

80 

84 

91 

94 

99 

101 

106 

108 

109 

111 

112 

113 

113 

118 

122 

126 

129 
140 
142 

143 

144 
145 
153 
156 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PAGE 

Frontispiece, 

Beach  Scene  at  Santa  Catalina  Island, B 

Hotel  Coronado  from  the  Northeast, 8 

Magnolia  Avenue,  Riverside, 13 

Beach  and  Hotel  at  Redondo,  Redondo  Beach,          ....  18 

The  Raymond,  Pasadena, 23 

Arrowhead  Hot  Springs  and  Hotel, 29 

Palm  Valley,  San  Diego, 33 

San  Luis  Rey  Mission, 3G 

San  Luis  Rey  Mission,  General  View  from  Northwest,     .        .        .  89 

Puhlic  Library,  Raymond  Avenue,  Pasadena, 42 

Southeast  View  of  Hotel  del  Coronado, 46 

Caves  at  La  Jolla, 49 

Live  Oak,  Orange  Grove  2V venue,  Pasadena, ."in 

Old  San  Diego  Mission,  Founded  17G9,       ......  53 

Ostrich  Farm,  Pasadena, .">; 

Grand  Opera-House,  Raymond  Avenue,  Pasadena,  ....  59 

Hot  Mineral- Water  Baths  at  Elsinore,  San  Diego  County,       .        .  61 
Bathing  in  the  Surf  at  Coronado  Beach  in  January,          .         .         .00 

San  Gabriel  Mission 71 

In  and  Around  Los  Angeles, 78 

Eaton  Canyon.     Proposed  Electric  Road  to  the  Summit  of  Mount 

Wilson,  near  Pasadena, T'.i 

The  Beach  Line  of  an  Ancient  Lake  in  the  Desert 81 

A  Mirage  in  the  Desert, 

Scenes  ut  and  near  Yiuna 

Children  in  Open-Air  School, 

Coronado  Boat-House  and  Hot  Sea-Water  !'»;i!li-,  Coronado  Beach, 

Live  Oaks  on  Julian  Mountains, 97 

(xi) 


Xll  LIST    OF   ILLUSTRATIONS. 

PAGE 

Headquarters  of  Commodore  Stockton  in  San  Diego,  at  its  Capture 

from  Mexico, 100 

Part  of  Old  Mission  San  Juan, 105 

Ancient  Cloister-Gallery,  San  Juan  Mission, 107 

View  of  Hotel  del  Coronado  from  the  Boat-House  Observatory,      .  110 

View  of  San  Diego  Bay.     Coronado  Ferry  in  Right  Margin,  .        .  114 

Under  the  Cactus  at  the  Old  Misson,  San  Diego 117 

Mexican  Indian,  140  Years  Old, 121 

San  Diego  Bay  from  Coronado  Beach, 125 

Ascending  Mount  Wilson  by  the  Trail,  North  of  Pasadena,     .         .  128 

Boy  and  Ferns, 131 

The  Loop 133 

Tall  Trees, 137 

Sweetwater  Dam  and  Lake, 141 

A  January  Race  on  a  Southern  California  Sea-Beach,       .         .         .  146 

Cable-Road  Pavilion  of  San  Diego  Cable-Road  Company,        .         .  151 

Old  Man,  110  Years  of  Age ,155 

Hotel  Arcadia,  Santa  Monica,  California, 160 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


Bancroft.     Native  Races  of  the  Pacific  Coast.   Volume  I.    1883. 

Beard.     American  Nervousness.     1881. 

Bell,  A.  N.     Climatology  and  Mineral  Waters  of  the    United 

States.     1885. 
Bell,  A.  N.     Medical  News,     Philadelphia.     August  3,  1889. 
Bell,  John.     Regimen  and  Longevity.     1842. 
Bennet,  J.  H.    Winter  and  Spring  on  the  Mediterranean.    1875. 
Bennet,  J.  H.     Pulmonary  Consumption.     1879. 
Blodget.     Climatology  of  the  United  States.     1857. 
BUCKS.      Hygiene  and  Public  Health.     1879. 
Coni.     Causes  of  Infant  Mortality.     Buenos  Ay  res.     1886. 
De  Pietra  Santa.     Climates  of  the  South  of  France.     Paris. 

1874. 

Dennison.     Rock}-  Mountain  Health  Resorts.     1880. 
DiSTURNELL.     Influence  of  Climate.     1867. 
EMORY.     Reports  and  Notes  of  Travel.      1849. 
Fonssangrives.     Naval  Hygiene.     Paris.      1856. 
Fonssanorives.     Pulmonary  Phthisis.     Paris.      1866. 
Gigot-Suard,   L.     Climate    in   its   Hygienic    and    Therapeutic 

Relations.      Paris,  1862. 
Gunn.     Picturesque  San  Diego.     1888. 
Hittell.     Resources  of  California.     1869. 
Lancereaux.    Geographical  Distribution  of  Pulmonary  Phthisis. 

Paris.     1877. 
LlNDLEY.      Extremes   of  Altitudes    in  California.      Los    An::. 

1888. 

Lombard.     Geographical  Distribution  of  Diseases.    Paris,    1880. 
Madden.     Health  Resorts  of  Europe  and  Africa.     L876. 
Martinenq.     Sea-Air  and  its  Influence.     Paris.     1865. 
Mai  ky.     Physical  Geography.      1887. 
Millard.     Climate  and  Statistics  of  Consumption.     1861. 

(xiii) 


\iv  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Nordhoff.     Peninsular  California.     1888. 

Taukks.     Manual  of  Hygiene.     1883. 

Richardson.     Preventive  Medicine.    1884. 

Van  Dyke.     Southern  California.     1886. 

Warner,  Chari.es  Dudley.     Our  Italy.     1891. 

\\ '  i  iinkv  and  Lindi.ey.     California  of  the  South.     1888. 

Zagiell.     Climate  of  Egypt.     Paris.     1876. 

Ziemssen.     Hand-Book  of  General  Therapeutics.    Vol.  IV.    1885. 

California  Annual  Meteorological  Review  for  the  Year  1888. 

California  State  Board  of  Health.   Ninth  Biennial  Report.  1886. 

California  State  Board  of  Health  Reports.     1880. 

Chief  Signal  Officer,  U.  S.  A., Report.  Washington,  D.  C.    1888. 

Chief  Signal  Officer,  U.  S.  A.,  Report  of  Rainfall.    Washington, 

D.  C.     1889. 
Harper's  Monthly.     November,  1887. 

Hygienic  and  Medical  Reports.     Navy  Department.     1879. 
Massachusetts  State  Board  of  Health.     Fourth  Annual  Report. 

1873. 
Popular  Science  Monthly.     November,  1879. 
Scribner's  Magazine.     April,  1888. 
Southern  California  Practitioner.     December,  1886. 
United  States  Marine-Hospital  Reports.     1879. 


flty  o/7.our/  (((ft/oil' 


Seal 


Burk  5  M  PBlridd 


ulation,  Census  of  1890 — 204,500. 


MAP   OF   SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

Green  represents  inhabited  parts;  Yellow,  the  Desert  part  Figures  denote  elevations  Population,  Census  of  1890—204,500. 


Southern  California; 

WHAT  ARE  ITS  CLIMATES? 


INTRODUCTION 


The  preparation  of  this  book  was  suggested  to  the 
writer  while  trying  to  unravel  the  intricate  and  contra- 
dictory information  that  is  encountered  in  pursuing  the 
study  of  medical  climatology  and  its  relations  to  the 
etiology  of  phthisis, — two  very  mixed-up  subjects.  As 
observed  by  Weber,  every  classification  of  climate  is 
defective, — even  more  so  than  that  of  drugs.  All  at- 
tempts to  form  a  classification  based  on  either  isothermal 
lines,  altitude,  humidity,  barometric  pressure,  or  any 
other  atmospheric  condition,  have  all  alike  proved 
abortive.  Alter  a  careful  survey  of  the  whole  field,  we 
may  well  pause  and  inquire  how  much  practical  progress 
has  the  science  of  climatology,  as  a  therapeutic  agent, 
made  since  the  days  of  Hippocrates,  who  looked  upon 
climate  as  a  purely  local  attribute,  composed  of  three 
important  factors, — air,  water,  and  locality.  When 
titty  years  had  elapsed  after  the  great  [iufeland  had 
written  his  "Art  of  Prolonging  Life,"  Erasmus  Wilson 
undertook  the  task  of  editing  a  new  English  edition,  to 
his  surprise  he  found  but  little  to  add  and  still  less  to 
criticise. — so  little  progress  had  the  science  made  in  all 
those  years.  With  all  the  advances  that  ha\e  been 
made  in  medicine  and  its  different  branches,  there  lias 
certainly  been  no  better  definition  of  a  climate  that  is 
favorable  to  health  or  conducive  to  long  life  than  that 

(1) 


2  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

penned  by  Hufeland,  in  Jena,  over  a  century  ago.  This 
great  medical  philosopher  counselled  a  cool  rather  than 
a  warm  medium,  placing  great  reliance  on  the  character 
of  the  ground  and  soil:  a  cold  soil  he  looked  upon  as 
detrimental;  a  marine  air  was  to  be  preferred,  on  account 
of  its  greater  uniformity  in  regard  to  heat,  cold,  and 
harometric  pressure,  "  as  all  rapid  variations  are  so  many 
internal  revolutions  that  occasion  an  astonishing  con- 
sumption, both  of  the  powers  and  of  the  organs."  Islands 
and  peninsulas  he  looked  upon  as  the  cradles  of  old  age, 
and  he  particularly  noticed  the  difference  that  existed 
between  the  longevity  of  different  countries,  which  he 
attributed  to  the  various  degrees  of  variability  to  which 
they  were  subject.  In  his  day  the  nearest  approach  to 
perfection  was  to  be  found  in  the  islands  to  the  north- 
west of  Great  Britain, — localities  that  have  since  been 
pointed  out  by  Dickinson  as  the  least  subject  to  disease 
of  any  part  of  Great  Britain,  and  are  to-day  the  homes 
of  as  long-lived  a  race  as  is  to  be  found  in  Europe. 

Bennet  cannot  speak  in  too  high  praise  of  the  health- 
fulness  of  the  western  highlands  of  Scotland ;  Donnelly 
and  Wilde,  in  their  report  made  to  Parliament  on  the 
health  and  vital  statistics  of  Ireland,  stated  that  the 
proportion  of  diseases  generally,  and  of  those  of  the 
respiratory  organs  in  particular,  wras  all  of  two-fifths 
greater  on  the  eastern  than  on  the  western  side  of  the 
island ;  the  infant  mortality  in  Ireland,  during  the  first 
year  of  life,  is  only  one-half  of  what  it  is  in  Spain  or  in 
Switzerland,  and  nearly  three-fourths  k%ss  than  what  it 
is  in  Bavaria.  In  the  Shetlands,  Orkneys,  and  Hebrides 
it  is  even  less.  There  is  hardly  a  country  in  Europe 
that  has  so  many  very  old  people  as  the  westerly  coasts 
and  islands  of  Great  Britain. 

The  high  mountain-plateaus  of  the  Colombian  and 


[NTRODUCTION.  3 

Peruvian  Andes  of  South  America  offer  a  like  exemption 
from  pulmonary  diseases,  and  nearly  a  like  tendencj 
longevity.  The  same  immunities  as  regards  disease  and 
the  same  favorable  conditions  that  are  conducive  to  old 
age,  both  in  an  increased  degree,  are  to  be  found  on  the 
shores  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  in  Southern  California.  It 
is  noteworthy  of  remark  that,  wherever — as  in  the  coun- 
tries above  mentioned — diseases  of  the  respiratory  organs 
are  rare,  there  also  will  be  found  a  minimum  of  renal 
diseases,  and  that,  where  these  are  wanting,  longevity 
can  be  looked  for  in  all  its  perfections. 

It  may  now  be  asked:  Have  all  these  localities  that 
tend  to  maintain  such  a  healthy  condition  of  the  organs 
and  body,  by  which  man  is  enabled  to  reach  such  a 
green  and  enjoyable  old  age,  a  like  climate  ?  Is  not  a 
certain  barometric  pressure,  altitude,  atmospheric  dry- 
ness, or  a  certain  amount  of  rain-tall,  number  of  rainy 
days,  mists,  or  of  winds  of  a  certain  mildness,  an  imper- 
ative requisite  to  induce  that  sound  organic  condition 
that  will  lead  to  a  long  life  I  The  climates  of  the  regions 
named  offer  even  possible  condition  of  climatic  opposites 
and  the  region  different  features  of  physical  geography. 
The  Scotch  islands  lie  over  60  degrees  of  latitude  farther 
north  than  the  Colombian  capital:  the  former  are  nearly 
at  sea-level,  while  the  latter  is  at  an  elevation  of  9000 

feet;     the    'western     highlands    of    Scotland    are    Olllj     of 

medium  elevation ;  Ireland  and  England  have  no  high 
mountains;  Southern  California  presents  every  possible 
elevation — from  300  feel  below  sea-level  to  marly  1  1,000 
feet  above.  So  that  simple  elevation  is  evidently  nol  a 
necessary  factor,  as.  otherwise,  the  Valley  of  the  Jordan 
and  the  vast  steppes  inhabited  by  the  Kirghis  Tartars — 
ranging  from  loo  to  1300  feet  below  sea-level — would 
hardly  offer  the  same  immunity  from  certain   diseases 


1  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

{hat  is  offered  by  the  high  Andean  or  Himalayan 
plateaus.  The  same  wide  difference  also  exists  as  to  the 
dryness  and  humidity  of*  the  air, — as  all  extremes  of 
hygrometric  conditions  are  to  be  met  in  the  above-named 
regions,  California  alone  exhibiting  every  extreme,  from 
the  5  per  cent,  in  its  arid  regions — which  even  goes 
lower  still — to  the  point  of  100,  or  saturation,  which  is 
at  times  reached  on  the  coast.  The  islands  to  the  north 
of  Scotland,  the  Scotch  hills,  and  the  west  of  Ireland,  as 
well  as  England,  are  in  a  continued  moist  atmosphere ; 
while  the  opposite  conditions  exist  on  the  different  levels 
of  the  high  mountain-plateaus  of  the  Andes.  Humidity 
of  the  air,  as  gathered  from  its  natural  source, — the 
ocean, — can  hardly,  then,  be  accused  of  being  the  mor- 
bific element  elsewhere. 

The  same  may  be  said  of  mists,  fogs,  or  rains,  as 
every  possible  condition  in  which  these  are  to  be  found 
is  met  in  the  above  localities — from  less  than  an  inch  of 
rain  to  a  maximum  of  100  inches  per  annum  are  repre- 
sented— to  which  might  be  added  the  Asiatic  localities 
that  have  excessive  rain-falls,  as  of  500  or  more  inches, 
which  are  also  exempt,  from  phthisis.  The  number  of 
rainy  days,  also,  is  represented  by  either  extremes,  as 
much  as  are  the  winds,  electric  condition  of  the  air,  and 
diaphaneity.  Density  of  population,  which  has  been 
accused  as  a  factor  of  phthisis,  has  been  shown  by  Hirsch 
not  to  be  such  a  blamable  element,  as  he  cites  seven 
cities  that  have  from  20,000  to  320,000  inhabitants, 
without  any  accompanying  phthisis.  The  material  col- 
lected by  the  Swiss  Statistical  Bureau  and  the  researches 
of  Midler,  Schroter,  Kuchenmeister,  and  others  have 
demonstrated  that  it  is  more  in  the  manner  in  which  a 
population  lives  than  its  mere  density  that  is  the  real 
factor  of  disease. 


0r> 


lift 


6  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

What,  then,  is  the  condition,  that  can  be  termed 
climatic,  that  is  to  be  found  in  all  these  different  regions 
in  anything  like  an  analogous  degree  of  constancy  \ 
The  only  climatic  factor  that  unites  these  regions,  and 
that  can  be  claimed  as  the  exempting  cause  of  disease 
and  as  the  preserver  of  health  and  longevity,  is  their 
invariability  OF  temperature,  a  temperature  that  uni- 
formly stands  moderately  low,  and  none  other.  In  the 
island  of  Monach,  the  most  westerly  of  the  Hebrides 
group,  are  to  be  found  the  warmest  winters — it  being 
even  warmer  than  in  Ventnor — and  the  summers  are  the 
coolest  in  Britain.  In  the  Andean  elevations  there  is 
not  the  difference  of  one  degree  between  the  winter  and 
the  summer  means,  and,  on  the  coast  of  Southern  Cali- 
fornia, a  nearly  alike  equability  exists.  That  this  is  the 
real  and  only  cause  has  been  well  demonstrated  by  the 
researches  of  Haviland,  Morselli,  Mitchell,  of  the  United 
States  :  Mitchel  and  Buchan,  of  England  ;  Bennet,  Wil- 
son,  Richardson,  A.  McLean  Hamilton,  Gihon,  Bell,  and 
hosts  of  others.  Aside  from  the  consideration  of  the 
immediate  injuries  or  physical  perturbations  that  are  apt 
to  follow  atmospheric  disturbances,  there  is  the  very  im- 
portant fact  that  shifting  temperatures  make  ventilation 
inconstant  and  very  irregular  and  at  times  even  impos- 
sible ;  and  this,  as  a  disease-producing  factor  and  as  a 
life-shortener,  is  fully  dwelt  upon  by  many  of  the  older 
writers.  Tissot,  of  Lausanne,  long  ago  recognized  this 
as  a  cause  of  the  then  great  Swiss  mortality,  and  pointed 
out  its  remedy. 

METEOROLOGICAL    CONDITIONS    AND    DISEASE. 


The  ordinary  reader  will  probably  require  some  gen- 
eral information  in  regard  to  the  general  effects  of 
climate,  altitude,  and  other  conditions  on  consumptives. 


INTRODUCTION.  7 

Such  information,  aside  from  the  mere  meteorology  of 
Southern  California,  will  greatly  assist  the  reader  in 
coming  to  a  conclusion.  The  simple  exhibit  of  an 
atmospheric  condition  is  one  thing,  but  what  mot 
persons  are  interested  in  is  the  knowledge  whether  it 
is  injurious  or  beneficial.  They  also  are  interested  in 
knowing  how  different  meteorological  agents  act  singl) 
or  in  unison  with  others.  The  considerations  of  climatic 
conditions  in  a  general  way  will  probably  assist  the 
reader  more  than  a  fruitless  group  of  sel  essays  on 
meteorological  factors,  winch,  when  taken  singly,  are 
simply  going  out  of  date  in  medical  climatology.  To 
explain  some  of  these  subjects  will  ho  the  object  of  this 
introduction.  The  reader  can  draw  his  own  conclusions 
from  the  matter  presented  to  him. 

SEA-AIR    AND    MARINE    CLIMATES. 

The  consideration  of  the  effeel  of  sea-air  on  the  con- 
stitution has  been  one  of  greai  interest,  research,  ami 
one  that  has  caused  considerable  acrimony. 

Is  sea-air  injurious  to  the  phthisical  '.  On  this  ques- 
tion there  was  greai  difference  of  opinion.  Rush  believed 
that  it  was.  and  advised  stronglj  against  a  sea-side  resi- 
dence. Laennec  was  so  pious  a  believer  in  its  efficacy 
that,  if  his  patients  were  too  feeble  to  stand  the  journey 
to  the  sea-shore,  it  was  bis  practice  to  strew  sea-weeds 
and  other  marine  dibrls  about  the  apartment  to  impreg- 
nate the  air  with  marine  odors  or.  as  he  imagined,  with 
an  artificial  sea-air.  Rush  believed  in  the  South,  and 
those- of  his  patients  unable  to  travel  he  inclosed  in  con- 
servatories of  a  stated  temperature,  which  lie  found  a 
good  substitute  for  a  Southern  journey.  Later.  Jules 
Rochard,  of  the  French  navy,  in  a  memoir  to  the  French 
Academy,  which  was  awarded  a  prize,  gave  to  sea-air  a 


INTRODUCTION.  9 

very  bad  reputation.  The  title  of  his  paper  showed  the 
source  of  his  deduction,  his  memoir  being  on  "The 
Influence  of  Navigation  and  Warm  Countries  on  the 
March  of  Pulmonary  Phthisis."  M.  de  Martineng 
pointed  out  that,  if  the  navigation  had  been  to  colder 
countries,  lie  never  would  have  written  the  hook;  as 
warm  climates,  and  not  sea-air  or  navigation,  were  the 
morbid  cause  of  the  rapid  march  of  phthisis. 

De  Pietra  Santa,  a  noted  authority  on  climatological 
therapeutics,  advises  the  invalid  not  to  neglect  the  sea- 
promenades  in  boats,  relying  greatly  on  the  •■ -.  >a-air 
bath"  obtained  from  pulverized  sea-water,  as  forced  into 
spray  by  the  action  of  the  oars. 

J.  Henry  Bennet,  an  authority  noted  for  his  clear 
views,  as  expressed  in  his  work  on  pulmonary  consump- 
tion, a  work  to  be  read  with  pleasure  and  profit,  gives  it 
;is  Ins  opinion  that,  'Mo  chest  cases  in  general  the  prox- 
imity of  the  sea  is  decidedly  beneficial." 

The  rarity  of  phthisis  among  the  inhabitants  of  the 
Hebrides,  Feroe  <>r  Shetland  Mauds,  localities  of  decided 
marine  atmosphere,  or  it >  almost  total  absence  from 
Turks  and  Caicos  Islands,  of  the  Bahama  group,  exposed 
to  the  lull  influence  of  the  Atlantic  (Hell,  in  Medical 
News,  August  3,  1889),  favors  the  belief  that  sea-aii 
must  have  a  sanitary  influence. 

Comparative  st.-iti^tics  between  the  navy  and  army 
give  the  navy  a  smaller  ratio  of  deaths  from  client  affec- 
tions, and,  in  instances  where  the  injurious  unhygienic 
practices  peculiar  to  the  na\\  are  omitted,  the  effect  of  a 
marine  life  is  found  to  be  remarkably  salubrious  and 
preventive  of  disease.  ("Sea-Air  and  Moisture  on  ship- 
board.'" by  Medical  Inspector  Turner.  Hygienic  mid 
Met fir,,/  Reports,  1879.) 

Richardson,  quoting  Boudin,  shows  that  in  L856  the 


10  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

deaths  from  consumption  among  the  British  troops  of  the 
line  wore  8.9  per  1000;  in  the  guards,  12.5  per  1000; 
and  the  deaths  from  phthisis  in  the  British  navy,  from 
1830  to  1850,  inclusive,  were  1.76  per  1000  men. 

llaviland  found  sea-air  beneficial  in  respect  to  heart 
disease  and  dropsy;  remarking,  "  that  whenever  the  sea- 
air  lias  uninterrupted  access,  we  find  a  low  mortality 
from  those  diseases."  He  further  observes  that  a  warm, 
well-drained  soil  is  coincident,  as  a  rule,  with  low  mor- 
tality from  phthisis.  (Richardson,  "Preventive  Medi- 
cine!") 

On  investigation,  all  objections  to  sea-air,  from  Hush 
to  Rochard,  will  be  found  to  depend  on  causes  which,  if 
eliminated,  would  leave  sea-air  innocent  of  any  dele- 
terious effects.  Rush  came  to  his  conclusion  from 
observing  the  death-rate  of  phthisis  on  the  northeastern 
coast  of  the  United  States,  where  sudden  and  great 
changes  of  meteorological  conditions  are  the  rule.  Ro- 
chard was  unable  to  observe  that  the  sea-air  had  no 
morbific  effects  if  separated  from  the  extreme  variability 
of  the  northwest  coast  of  France  or  from  the  tropical 
heat  of  the  French  colonies. 

According  to  Wilson,  in  England  the  registration 
returns  of  deaths  among  sailors  of  the  mercantile  marine 
show  that  the  proportion  of  deaths  from  consumption,  as 
compared  with  those  from  other  causes,  is  ten  times  less 
than  it  is  amongst  the  English  land  population.  But, 
if  we  take  only  the  deaths  that  occur  between  the  ages 
of  15  and  45  (the  usual  period  that  sailors  remain .  at 
sea),  we  shall  find  the  result  still  more  favorable;  the 
proportion  of  deaths  from  consumption,  as  against  those 
from  all  other  causes,  being  sixteen  times  less  at  sea  than 
on  land. 

To  its  presence  the  Scotch  isles,  Madeira,  the  South 


INTRODUCTION.  1  1 

of  England  coast,  ami  the  Mediterranean  Riviera,  as  well 
as  the  North  African  coast,  owe  their  great  salubrity, 
which  is  only  diminished  in  proportion  as  the  land  influ- 
ences displace  those  of  the  sea.     The  nearer  approach  to 

an  oceanic  climate,  the  greater  the  salubrity. 

OCEAN-MOISTURE    AND    SOIL-MOISTURE. 

A  purely  sea-atmosphere  has  everything  in  its  favor: 
freedom  from  impurities,  either  palpable  or  gaseous;  a 
constant  uniformity  of  humidity  and  of  temperature,  with 
constant  mobility  as  a  body,  rendered  unavoidable  by 
the  winds  constantly  playing  over  its  surface;  and.  in  the 
latitude  of  Southern  California,  the  greatest  possible 
number  of  hours'  exposure  to  the  chemical  influence  of  a 
bright  and  warm  sun. 

One  element  of  sea-air  has  been  made  the  subject  el' 
undeserved  and  unfounded  censure:  I  refer  to  moisture, 
or  humidity,  'flic  effects  of  soi'Z-moisture  we  all  admit, 
hut  the  moisture  i>  only  the  vehicle  for  the  injurious 
germs  and  ferment-. — moisture  i-  only  an  ingredient  in 
a  combination,  the  combination  being  responsible  for 
certain  results.  When  Megendie,  1>\  confining  rabbits  in 
dark,  damp  cellars,  was  con\  meed  that  he  produced  tuber- 
cles in  their  lungs,  the  darkness,  excess  of  carbonic  acid, 
ami  soil-air.  with  its  filth,  ferments,  and  resulting  impair- 
ment of  nutrition,  rather  than  moisture  /"/•  se,  should 
have  been  accused  as  the  cause.  The  healthier  air  of 
the  street  ma\  he  moist  to  saturation,  while  the  disease- 
breeding  cellar-air  ma\   be  relatively  one-third  drier. 

Briggs,  the  best  authority  on  atmospheric  moisture, 
assigns  70  ;i^  the  relative  humiditj  best  consistent  with 
health  for  the  United  State- (Turner,  in  Hygienic  <m<l 
Medical  Reports  for  lslih.  the  average  relative  humidity 
the  world  over  being,  according  t..  Levy,  at  72. 


12  SOUTHERN    CALIFOKNIA. 

RAIN    AND    RAINY    WEATHER    ON    COASTS. 

Much  stress  lias  unnecessarily  been  laid  on  the  rela- 
tive humidity  of  the  air  and  the  influence  of  rainy 
weather,  in  their  relation  to  the  phthisical ;  facts  do  not 
bear  out  the  groundless  fears  with  which  these  two  con- 
ditions have  been  regarded.  J.  Henry  Bennet  observes 
that  rainy  weather  is  not  injurious  to  health  if  the  tem- 
perature is  not  below  55  degrees  or  above  65  degrees. 
It  has  been  observed  that  seasons  of  great  rain  are,  as  a 
rule,  healthy. 

Dr.  Port,  of  London,  found  that,  at  Mentone,  on  the 
Riviera,  during  the  rainy  winter  and  spring  of  1878-79, 
with  fully  half  the  days  rainy,  with  an  unusually  low 
temperature,  the  phthisical  patient  did  better  than  at  any 
other  season.  (Ziemssen,  "  Hand-book  of  Therapeutics," 
vol.  iv.)  Drs.  Frank  and  Marcet,  of  Cannes,  during  the 
same  season,  experienced  the  same  weather,  with  the 
same  desirable  results.  Bogota,  in  South  America,  al- 
ready  mentioned,  also  favors  this  opinion  as  to  effect  of 
rain-fall.  One  strange  example  is  given  bv  AVatson : 
that  of  300  women,  engaged  in  dredging  coal,  wading 
all  day  in  the  sea,  escaping  an  epidemic  of  influenza,  at 
Newcastle.  All  these  conditions  were  perfectly  consist- 
ent with  constant  moderately  low  equability  of  tem- 
perature. 

The  explanation  of  the  above  is  simply  that  invalids 
do  better  in  an  equable,  moderately  low  temperature. 
Sudden  changes  or  great  ranges  of  temperature  are  im- 
possible during  the  prevalence  of  moisture  or  rainy 
weather  coming  constantly  from  oif  the  sea, — the  coast 
climate  being,  for  the  time  being,  converted  into  an 
insular  type  of  climate,  with  a  total  displacement  of  all 
land  influences.  It  is  only  during  the  bright  or  dry 
weather  that  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean  are  subject 


s3. 
=:. 


"** 


1-1  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

to  those  changes  and  variations  of  temperature  and  to 
chilly  winds,  when  the  land  has  displaced  the  marine 
climate. 

MISAPPLIED    TERMS    AS   TO   MOIST   CLIMATES. 

The  smallness  of  the  amount  of  humidity  in  the  air 
is  not,  as  has  been  supposed,  in  proportion  to  its  health- 
fulness.  In  proportion  as  atmospheric  humidity  has 
been  accused  as  deleterious  to  human  health,  its  dryness 
has  been  praised  in  the  most  indiscriminate  manner  as 
being  healthful.  To  such  a  degree  has  custom  carried 
this  groundless  distinction  that  any  section  from  whence 
benefit  was  derived  was  without  ceremony  enrolled  in 
the  favorite  class;  hence,  the  dry  winters  of  Minnesota 
or  Dakota, — where,  however,  there  is  a  winter  relative 
humidity  of  79.7  for  January. 

EXTREME    DRYNESS    OF    THE   AIR. 

Extremely  dry  air  is  injurious  from  its  unavoidable 
association  with  extreme  variability.  On  the  California 
coast  this  rule  is  somewhat  modified  by  the  nearness  of 
the  two  opposite  conditions  of  the  Colorado  Desert  and 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  which  here  have  the  same  influence 
as  they  have  in  regulating  the  temperature;  that  is,  in 
producing  that  anomalous  condition  of  dryness  with 
little  variation.  That  the  ordinary  condition  in  which 
dry  air  is  found  elsewhere  is  not  conducive  to  health  will 
be  evident  from  the  following  authentic  examples.  The 
results  of  variability  in  producing  pathological  conditions 
is  here  plain  and  self-evident,  especially  in  inducing 
rheumatism,  pneumonia,  and  phthisis;  fully  showing 
that  moderate  relative  humidity  and  equableness  are  far 
superior  to  dryness  and  great  variability. 

Dr.  William  A.  Winder  informs  me  that  while 
stationed   at   Fort  Yuma,  in   1853,  the  Indians  of  the 


INTRODUCTION'.  1 .") 

Des<  if  were  then  as  fine  specimens  of  physical  form  as 
could  be  found,  only  the  Seminoles  exceeding  them  in 
development, — athletic  and  deep-chested  and  of  wonder- 
ful endurance;  during  the  different  military  expeditions 

and  at  the  different  army  posts  he  noticed  that  these 
Indians  had  one  great  enemy  thai  took  them  off  rapidly, 
that  being  pneumonia.  There  was  some  phthisis,  but 
evidently  as  a  result  of  pneumonia;  rheumatism  was  not 
then  as  prevalent  as  at  present.  He  particularly  observed 
that  those  periods  characterized  by  the  greatest  range  of 
temperature  were  those  in  which  attacks  of  pneumonia 
were  most  numerous.  At  the  Old  Mission  of  San  Diego, 
then  a  military  post,  and  at  other  camps  on  the  west  side 
of  the  mountains,  he  observed  neither  pneumonia  nor 
phthisis. 

Surgeon  L.  Y.  Loring,  of  the  army,  has  since  ls7<> 
pa— oil  several  years  at  Fori  Yuma,  near  the  32d  parallel, 
and  at  Fort  Mojave,  on.  the  35th  parallel  of  latitude. 
both  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  desert.  He  informs  me 
that  in  winter,  spring,  and  fall  the  range  of  temperature 
in  twenty-four  hours  is  something  extreme,  at  times  from 
90  degrees,  or  over,  in  the  day,  dropping  down  t<.  17 
degrees  or  20  degrees  at  night.  Although  the  troops 
never  developed  any  disease  that  could  he  ascribed  to 
climate  or  locality,  phthisis  was  prevalent  with  the 
Indians  at  both  posts,  especially  at  Mojave.  Rheumatism 
was  also  quite  common.  Both  diseases  were  greatly 
aggravated  by  a  syphilitic  taint,  their  mode  of  living, 
diet,  and  going  ahout  naked.  They  use  but  little  animal 
food,  hut  suhsist  mainly  on  the  mesquite  bean,  wild 
potatoes,  and  what  little  corn  or  grain  thej  raise;  s,, 
that,  being  poorly  nourished,  they  early  become  con- 
sumpth 

In  the  Sahara  the   Arabs  observe  great  precaution 


Ill  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

agaiusl  rheumatism,  where  heavy  woolen  garments  are 
worn  as  protection;  and  Professor  Jean  Vilain,  of  Paris. 
gives  some  interesting  Tacts  relative  to  the  action  of  the 
extremely  dry.  as  well  as  extremely  variable,  atmosphere 
of  the  Sahara  Desert  on  the  lungs  of  its  native  inhabi- 
tants, which  also  somewhat  demolishes  our  preconceived 
ideas  of  the  relative  health  between  domesticated  and 
wild  animals.  Whilst  serving  as  a  surgeon  to  his  regi- 
ment in  Algeria,  he  dissected  the  carcasses  of  fifty  lions. 
Of  these  lie  found  twenty  with  diseased  lungs,  of  which 
fully  one-half  had  but  a  small  remnant  of  lung  left, 
showing  the  prevalence  of  phthisis  in  the  dry  air  of  the 
Sahara  and  Sahel  Deserts.  At  the  Jardin  des  Plantes,  in 
Paris,  seven  lions  died  since  1869  (written  in  1819),  all 
born  in  Paris.  He  dissected  them  and  found  their  lungs 
perfectly  healthy.  {Popular  Science  Monthly^  November, 
1879.)  Desert-air  has  1  per  cent,  more  oxygen  in  its 
composition  than  the  air  of  the  Nile  Valley,  and  does  not 
exhibit  a  trace  of  carbonic  acid  or  any  mephitic  gases; 
not  a  favorable  air  for  microbes  or  the  ubiquitous  bacillus. 
The  atmosphere  is  exposed  to  sufficient  sunshine  at  all 
times  to  render  it  free  from  germs. 

Here  we  have  an  atmosphere  aseptic  to  an  extreme 
degree,  and  nothing  detrimental  to  account  for  the 
phthisical  occurrence,  except  it  be  the  extreme  variability 
of  temperature  between  day  and  night,  the  range  in 
winter  at  times  reaching  100  degrees.  Interference  with 
proper  nutrition,  by  the  unavoidable  irregularity  of 
meals  incidental  to  a  wild  lion's  life  on  the  desert,  may 
be  an  additional  cause,  but  is  not  such  a  morbific  cause 
as  the  irregularity  of  temperature  ;  the  piercing  cold  of 
the  dry  air  being  more  deadly  when  on  the  heels  of  an 
extremely  hot  day. 

At  Cairo,  with  an  atmosphere  whose  humidity  runs 


INTRODUCTION.  1 7 

up  as  high  as  SO  degrees,  (luring  twelve  years,  out  of  a 
total  of  26,300  cases  treated  at  the  medical  school, 
there  were  only  18  ol'  phthisis  and  22  of  pneumonia. 
("■Climate  of  Egypt,"  by  Prince  [gnaze  Zagiell.) 

CONSUMPTION    AND    TEMPERATURE. 

The  stress  laid  on  warmth  as  a  necessary  adjunct  to 
a  climate  for  the  phthisical  is  not  fully  warranted,  either 
by  the  geographical  limits  of  the  disease  or  the  results 
obtained  in  warm  regions. 

Young,  in  his  "Night  Thoughts,"  in  speaking  of  his 
daughter,  then  ill  with  phthisis,  of  "tearing  her  away 
from  her  native  clime,  where  black  Boreas  blows  the 
breath  of  death,  and  with  his  paternal  arms  to  carry  her 
nearer  the  sun,"  only  reflected  in  a  poetic  strain  the 
practice  of  the  time.  Geographical  limits  make  "black 
Boreas"  very  friendly  to  the  phthisical,  and  practice 
teaches  that  heat  has  a  way  of  rendering  latent  tubercles 
active ;  hut  the  tuberculous  patient  is  drawn  toward 
warmer  climes,  like  the  victim  of  frost  to  warmth,  or  the 
overheated  to  deceptive  shades  and  cool  drafts;  as  if  the 
immediate  gratification  of  being  immersed  in  a  tempera- 
ture agreeable  to  the  body  was  all  that  was  required. 

GEOGRAPHICAL    LIMITS   OF    CONSUMPTION. 

North  of  the  00th  degree  of  latitude  phthisis  is 
hardly  ever  met.  Lombard,  of  Geneva,  gives  it  a  little 
greater  range  to  the  north,  hut  investigation  shows  that 
between  the  55th  and  00th  degrees  there  is  hut  very 
little  phthisis,  while  to  the  ninth  it  disappears  entirely. 
From  the  55th  to  the  35th  is  its  most  active  field.  Below 
the  35th  it  (Miters  tin-  dominion  of  hepatic  and  abdomi- 
nal diseases,  with  which  it  harvests  its  victims  as  tin-  is 
the  30th  degree  of  latitude,  from  whence  to  the  equator 


18 


INTRODUCTION.  19 

it  leaves  a  clear  field  to  the  latter  diseases.  It  is 
remarked  that  phthisis  is  more  slow  or  latent  in  the 
North  than  in  the  South  ;  the  nearer  the  equator,  the 
more  uninterrupted  and  rapid  its  course.  I  am  satisfied, 
from  a  great  numher  of  examinations  of  bodies  and  the 
evidence  of  cicatricial  tissues  found  on  the  lungs  of 
persons  who  claimed  never  to  have  had  phthisis,  that  in- 
cipient phthisis  is  much  more  common  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  temperate  zone  than  is  supposed;  as  well  as 
that  many  spontaneous  cures  are  effected;  and.  further. 
that  the  recoveries  are  more  frequent  as  higher  latitudes 
are  approached.  In  cold  regions  phthisis  is  developed 
not  so  much  from  cold,  but  from  the  variability  where  it 
exists,  and  from  the  "detective  ventilation  of  the  houses 
warmed  by  stoves,  and  probably  still  closer  in  the  North 
than  in  the  South."  (Bonnet,  "  Pulmonary  Consump- 
tion.") The  natives  of  Labrador,  in  tents  made  of 
spruce-branches,  more  or  less  open  to  the  air,  and  suffer- 
ing privations,  are  strangers  to  phthisis  ;  but  when  these 
same  natives  come  down  to  the  St.  Lawrence  to  fish,  to 
live  in  well-built  houses,  and  are  well  fed,  many  of  them, 
in  the  course  of  a  year  or  two,  become  consumptive  and 
die  miserably.     (Beunet.) 

THE  RELATIVE    MERITS  OF  ALTITUDES. 

Much  has  been  claimed  for  the  superiority  of  high 
altitudes  in  favor  of  the  phthisical.  I  am  far  from 
being  convinced  thai  a  low  elevation,  with  a  dry  soil, 
equable,  moderate  temperature  and  humidity,  i^  nut  onlj 
superior  in  the  majority  of  cases,  but  far  more  practicable. 

It  will  occur  to  those  who  have  had  charge  of  an}  of 
the  charitable  institutions  on  the  coasl  of  California  that 
tlic  majority  of  the  cases  of  chest  affection  come  from  the 
mountains;  and  I  well  remember  that,  during  a  term  of 


20  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

service  in  charge  of  the  County  Hospital  of  San  Diego, 
running  over  several  consecutive  years,  not  a  few  had 
chronic  pulmonary  diseases,  originating  in  high  altitudes 
east  of  the  Colorado  River,  where  acute  pulmonary  dis- 
eases prevail,  they  having  gradually  worked  their  way  to 
the  coast  in  hope  of  relief. 

The  dry  soil  of  high  altitudes,  the  pure  air,  sparse 
population,  out-of-door  life,  and  the  physical  exercise  of 
its  people  are  antagonistic  to  consumption.  These  con- 
ditions can  be  duplicated  on  the  California  coast  at  any 
port  from  San  Francisco  as  far  as  Cape  St.  Lucas,  from 
the  shore  line  to  the  peaks  of  the  coast  range. 

WHY  PHTHISIS  IS  MORE  PREVALENT  ON  LOWER  ELEVATIONS. 

Sea-ports  and  navigable  rivers  are  the  portals  and 
highways  of  commerce.  There,  cities  and  industrial 
centres  are  situated,  where,  from  social,  but  not  climatic 
reasons,  every  condition  exists  favorable  to  the  produc- 
tion of  phthisis.  An  undrained  soil  or  marsh  land  in 
the  neighborhood  may  furnish  a  local  climatic  cause  as 
an  assistant,  but,  as  a  rule,  there  is  quite  sufficient  in  the 
combined  causes  resulting  from  civic  crowding  for  all 
purposes.  The  combination  of  these  conditions  with 
the  rivers  or  harbors  is  simply  a  natural  law  of  indus- 
trial trades  and  commerce,  and  the  greater  prevalence  of 
phthisis  in  these  locations  is  not  due  to  the  harbor  or 
river  especially,  but,  as  stated  above,  to  the  results  of 
several  conditions  ;  conditions  to  escape  from  which  it  is 
necessary  to  give  up  a  civic  life,  and  retake  the  pastoral 
or  nomadic  existence  of  our  biblical  forefathers. 

ARE  ALTITUDES  EXEMPT  FROM  CONSUMPTION  "? 

Efforts  have  been  made  to  establish  a  definite  limit 
to  the  altitude  beyond  which  there  is  complete  immunity 


INTRODUCTION.  21 

from  phthisis  ;  this  has  not  been  attended  with  that  suc- 
cess that  was  anticipated.  High  plateaus  are  undoubt- 
edly very  free  from  it,  but,  as  the  coast  of  Southern 
California  enjoys  the  same  immunity,  it  cannot  be  a 
simple  question  of  altitude. 

Kuchenmeister  gave  3000  feet  as  an  estimated  alti- 
tude in  Switzerland  for  immunity  from  consumption, 
while  Dr.  Emil  Miller,  in  his  work  on  the  distribution 
of  phthisis  for  the  same  country,  gave  some  interesting 
data  on  the  subject  under  discussion.  In  one  of  his 
tables  we  find  the  following  showing  of  the  effects  of 
industrial  trades,  as  compared  to  an  agricultural  or 
pastoral  life,  on  deaths  from  phthisis.  The  industrial 
class  comprises  occupations  entailing  confinement  in  the 
workshop  or  at  home: — 

Altitude  from  1600  Feet  to  2300  Feet. 

Industrial, 10.2  per  cent. 

Mixed, 5.9      " 

Agricultural,    .....       5.3 

Altitude  from  3000  Feet  to  3400  Feet. 

Industrial, 6.5  per  cent. 

Mixed, 6.1 

Agricultural 3.5 

Altitude  from  3400  Feet  to  4400  Feet. 

Industrial, 9.8  per  cent. 

Mixed, 7.5 

Agricultural, 5.0 

Above  the  elevation  of  4400  feet  the  purely  industrial 
class  does  not  occur,  but  there  La  a  class  following  a 
partly  industrial  and  partly  an  agricultural  life,  among 
whom,  up  to  an  altitude  of  5000  feet,  there  is  a  mor- 
tality from  phthisis  of  7.1  per  cent.  Above  5000  feel 
the  population  is  ver\  sparse  and  wholly  pastoral  and 
agricultural,  deaths  from  phthisis  still  occurring,  the  rate 
being  4  per  cent,  of  the  mortality. 


22  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

VENTILATION  AND  NOT  ALTITUDE  THE  FACTOR  IN  EXEMPTING. 

The  difference  in  the  ratio  of  mortality  between  an 
altitude  of  2700  feet,  at  4.7  per  cent.,  and  that  of  an 
average  of  3900  feet,  at  9.8,  in  the  industrial  class, 
speaks  for  itself.  Sedentary  occupations  require  artificial 
warmth  in  cold  weather.  In  regions  where  the  cold  of 
winter  is  extreme, — a  condition  inseparable  from  altitude 
in  the  temperate  zone, — houses  or  factories  are  built  with 
an  eye  to  including  all  the  warmth  and  excluding  all  the 
cold  air;  the  higher  the  altitude  and  the  colder  the 
winter  weather,  the  more  imperative  this  object  becomes, 
and  more  impracticable  is  ventilation,  the  true  safeguard 
against  phthisis ;  hence  the  danger  and  death-rate  from 
phthisis  at  high  altitude,  and  to  this  cause  may  be  attrib- 
uted the  prevalence  of  phthisis  in  the  mountains  of 
Norway  and  Sweden. 

EQUABILITY    OF    TEMPERATURE    AN    IMPORTANT   FACTOR. 

The  death-rate  from  phthisis  in  Southern  California 
can  never  reach  as  high  as  that  of  the  lowest  rate  of  the 
Swiss  mountains,  for  the  simple  reason  that  the  mechan- 
ics are  not  subjected  to  that  overheating  required  during 
extreme  cold  weather  elsewhere,  and  to  the  subsequent 
variations,  but  are  continually,  whether  in  factory,  home, 
or  out-of-doors,  always  in  an  atmosphere  of  the  same 
temperature,  and,  while  at  work,  in  a  continually  chang- 
ing volume  of  air.  This  effect  of  free  ventilation  is 
observable  in  the  healthy  appearance  of  all  those  whose 
occupation  keeps  them  confined  to  work-bench  or  desk. 
Free  ventilation  during  the  working  hours  is  possible  at 
all  times  in  such  climates  as  that  of  Southern  California. 

Where  the  air  is  pure  and  uncontaminated,  and  con- 
stant and  free  ventilation  possible,  as  in  Southern  Cali- 
fornia,  there  is  your  true   immunity  from    phthisis, — 


INTRODUCTION. 


23 


conditions  emphatically  impossible  in  any  altitude  under 
the  temperate  zone. 


The   question    of    altitude    lias    been    too    arbitrarily 
settled  in  its  favor  with  regard  to  phthisis,  without  due 


24  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

regard  to  any  discriminating  conditions.  Latitude  does 
here  exercise  a  decided  influence,  which  is  generally 
overlooked  ;  an  altitude  under  the  equator,  or  within  the 
tropics,  and  an  altitude  on  the  40th  degree  of  latitude  are 
two  entirely  different  conditions,  and  more  so  in  their 
effects.  On  the  St.  Bernard,  at  an  elevation  of  8000 
feet,  stands  the  Monastery,  the  highest  inhabited  spot  in 
Europe,  being  on  the  46th  degree  of  latitude.  Arctic 
weather  here  prevails,  and  here  is  to  be  found  the  shortest- 
lived  of  any  of  the  monastic  orders  ;  the  climate,  although 
polar,  gives  to  the  poor  monks  none  of  the  immunities 
enjoyed  by  the  dweller  of  the  arctic  circle ;  their  term 
of  office  or  service  is  short,  and  those  who  escape  pneu- 
monia generally  fall  victims  to  phthisis  later  on.  At 
Bogota,  on  the  contrary,  nearly  under  the  equator  and 
at  an  altitude  of  9000  feet,  the  winter  mean  temperature 
is  59  degrees  and  that  of  spring  and  summer  59.5  de- 
grees, and  phthisis  and  pneumonia  are  unknown.  All 
of  the  altitudes  to  which  reference  is  made  from  Anahuac 
down,  as  affording  immunity  from  phthisis,  will  also  be 
found  within  the  tropics,  where  equability  and  venti- 
lation, and  not  altitude,  are  the  real  factors. 

It  is  this  equability,  allied  to  pure  mountain-air,  free 
ventilation,  and  out-of-door  life,  that  gives  to  Jauja,  in 
Peru,  its  great  immunity  from  and  curative  power  over 
phthisis,  79|  per  cent,  of  the  cases  going  there  being 
said  to  be  cured.  Here  the  temperature  is  never  varying 
from  between  50  and  60  degrees.  Areguipa,  also  in 
Peru,  and  at  an  altitude  of  8000  feet,  enjoys  a  like  cli- 
mate and  reputation  for  health.  The  causes  of  this 
immunity  and  effects  of  these  tropical  altitudes  are  in 
nowise  applicable  to  those  of  the  temperate  zone,  where 
a  condition  as  different  as  in  the  height  of  their  snow- 
line exists  as  regards  pulmonary  diseases.     Leadville,  in 


INTRODUCTION.  25 

Colorado,  with  its  extremes  of  temperature,  and  a  like 
elevation  in  Peru,  with  its  equability,  give  an  entin  1\ 
different  ratio  for  acute  pulmonary  attacks  and  their 
results. 

DIFFERENT    EFFECTS    OF    SUNSHINE    AND    SHADE. 

In  a  land  that  owes  its  all  to  its  bright,  warm  sun,  it 
would  be  strange,  indeed,  if  its  abstraction  produced  no 
difference.  That  it  does,  seems  to  cause  a  feeling  with 
some  that  the  climate  is  faulty.  Sunshine  and  shade 
are  no  more  alike  here  than  anywhere  else,  and  just  as 
different.  Southern  California  is  generally  sought  for 
its  balmy,  aseptic  air,  genial  atmosphere,  and  invigorating 
climate.  These  and  sunshine,  or  a  southerly  exposure, 
go  together,  and  are  no  more  to  be  looked  for  in  the 
shade  or  in  a  northern  exposure  than  the  comforts  of  a 
Pullman  in  a  cattle  car.  Violets  and  invalids  require  a 
different  location  and  atmosphere.  They  would  not  do 
well  in  the  same  location  ;  and.  as  long  as  there  is  a 
preponderance  of  locality  for  invalids  to  thrive  in,  I  do 
not  see  any  reason  why  Southern  California  should  be 
denied  some  little  spots,  cool  and  moist  enough,  even  if 
made  artificially,  wherein  to  grow  the  gentle  and  fragrant 
violet. 

Traveling  in  the  Alps  I  have  found  fully  more  differ- 
ence between  the  temperature  of  a  sun  exposure  and 
that  of  shade  than  in  that  difference  on  which  so  much 
stress  is  usually  laid  as  existing  on  sea-coasts,  where  the 
winters  are  mild  and  genial.  As  to  the  difference  to  1"' 
found  at  about  sunset,  there  is  really  no  comparison  be- 
tween the  two.  During  carefully-made  observations  for 
a  full  month,  made  one  hour  before  sunset,  at  sunset,  and 
at  the  following  hour,  by  Dr.  Ilearne.  of  the  United  States 
Signal  Service,  at  San  Diego,  the  following  respective 
means  for  the  different  observations  were  obtained  :   62.6, 


26  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

60.1,  and  60.8  degrees.  Besides,  during  the  day,  this 
coast  is  never  subject  to  such  sudden  or  great  variations 
as  I  have  noticed  in  Alpine  regions  at  any  seasons,  espe- 
cially at  the  lower  elevations  and  in  the  valleys  along 
which  the  roads  wind. 

I  have  trudged  along  the  valley  down  which  flows 
the  Arc,  in  the  fall  of  the  year,  and,  with  the  disappear- 
ance of  the  sun  behind  some  Alpine  peak,  have  felt  the 
atmosphere  at  once  assume  a  cellar-like  chilliness  that  is 
very  depressing.  On  the  higher  elevations  habitations 
are  very  chilly,  unless  warmed  to  overheating.  J.  Henry 
Bennet,  who  spent  a  summer  at  the  different  Alpine 
health  resorts,  noticed  these  extreme  variations.  At 
Murren,  5500  feet  high,  in  July  he  found  at  1  o'clock  a 
temperature  of  78  degrees,  and  one  hour  afterward  it 
reached  80  degrees ;  during  the  same  month  a  storm 
deposited  three  inches  of  snow  on  the  hotel-veranda. 
During  his  excursions  up  and  clown  the  mountains  he 
particularly  observed  that  in  passing  through  the  cold 
fog-clouds  it  resulted  in  pains  in  the  chest  and  laryngeal 
irritation. 

I  never  noticed  specimens  of  extreme  old  age  in  the 
Alps  as  I  have  in  Southern  California ;  neither  have  I 
seen  such  age  in  any  of  the  high  altitudes  of  the  United 
States ;  in  fact,  I  do  not  believe  that  such  age  can  ever 
be  attained  on  high  elevations,  unless  it  be  on  those 
under  the  equatorial  borders  of  the  tropics,  where  there 
is  the  same  moderate  equability  of  temperature  and  im- 
munity from  disease. 

SEA    AND   MOUNTAIN    CLIMATE   ON   INFANT   MORTALITY. 

In  Switzerland  we  also  find  an  excess  of  infant  mor- 
tality under  the  first  year  of  life.  A  comparison  as  to 
the  effect  of  a  marine  climate  over  that  period  of  life 


INTRODUCTION.  21 

will  also  be  interesting,  as  compared  with  that  of  the 
climate  of  elevation.  In  Scotland  we  have  all  these  con- 
ditions, with  this  exception,  that  the  marine  climate,  even 
when  not  pronounced,  in  a  manner  modifies  that  of  the 
whole.  In  the  purely  insular  climate  (the  Shetlands, 
Orkneys,  and  Hebrides),  where  the  marine  climate  is  at 
its  maximum,  we  find  the  death-rate  to  be  8.05.  on  tin1 
mainland  country  districts  9.80.  and  in  the  cities  a  rate 
of  14.91,  while  in  Switzerland  the  rate  i-  1*.7!».  In 
Ireland,  with  its  insular  climate,  it  is  only  9.59.  In 
France  there  is  further  evidence  of  tin1  increased  mortality, 
due  to  the  variability  of  mountain  regions,  and  confirm- 
atory of  the  general  proposition  that  the  nearer  the 
approach  to  perfect  equability  the  more  is  health  and 
long  life  made  secure.  Villerme  and  Edwards — in  which 
they  are  confirmed  by  Dr.  Lombard,  of  Geneva,  on  the 
main  points — have  observed  the  great  mortality  during 
the  period  under  discussion,  and  have  erroneously  ascribed 
it  to  cold  alone.  For  the  whole  of  France  the  mortality 
under  1  year  is  16.80,  while  that  of  Alsace-Lorraine  is 
21.27.  Now,  here  is  an  interesting  study.  In  the  rest 
of  France  we  have  its  great  extent  of  sea-board,  its  great 
river- valleys,  that  of  the  Rhone,  Loire,  and  the  Seine. 
where  the  large  cities  with  their  great  civic-infant  rate 
(in  Paris-on-the-Scine  it  is  39.07)  are  to  be  found.  In 
these  localities  many  that  are  puny  and  of  poor  stamina 
survive  to  propagate  a  weakly  offspring ;  whereas,  in  the 
mountainous  regions,  as  observed  by  Bennet,  such  infants 
are  nearly  sure  to  succumb,  thereby  leaving  only  a  Btrong 
propagating  element.  From  this  it  naturally  follows 
that  a  weaker  infant  stamina  exists  on  the  coast  and 
river-valleys,  and  more  robust  and  healthy  stamina  i^ 
inherited  in  the  mountains;  and  yet.  with  all  this  in  favor 
of  the  mountain  infant,  there  is  his  greater  mortality  to 


28  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

be  accounted  for.  When  his  robust  ancestry,  better 
quality  ol"  food,  and  purer  air  are  all  considered,  the 
mountain-bred  infant  should  outlive  his  not  so  fortunate 
young  countryman  on  the  lower  levels  or  sea-boards;  but 
the  reverse  are  the  facts. 

One  cause  of  this  excess  of  mortality  in  France  has 
been  partly  explained  by  Edwards,  who  accuses  cold  as 
being  the  cause.  I  do  not  agree  with  him  on  this. 
Infants  born  in  the  south  of  France,  Italy,  and  Spain 
followed  the  grand  army  in  its  invasion  of  Russia  in 
1812,  and  many  returned  alive  through  all  the  exposures 
and  horrors  of  the  retreat.  Children  are  born  under  the 
greatest  of  exposures  to  cold  in  northern  regions,  as  I 
have  seen  among  the  Indians  in  the  Northwest,  and  live 
and  thrive.  The  Esquimau  child  is  often  born  in  an 
ice-hut  with  a  very  low  temperature ;  so  that  mere  cold 
cannot  be  said  to  be  the  cause  of  infant  mortality. 

In  England  it  has  been  found  that  during  the  first 
month  of  life  1  child  in  21  dies,  whereas  in  France  it  is 
1  in  14.  Investigation  has  shown  that  the  excess  of 
this  French  mortality  was  in  winter,  and  greater  in  the 
north  or  mountain  districts.  Villerme  and  Edwards 
undertook  to  explain  this  by  the  custom  of  civil  registra- 
tion and  religious  baptism,  which  exposed  the  tender 
infant  at  this  period  to  cold.  Admitting  that  the  cold, 
damp  church,  with  its  filth,  ferments,  and  the  excess  of 
carbonic  acid  in  its  atmosphere;  and  that  the  musty,  foul 
air  of  the  ordinary  mayor's  office,  unventilated  and  close, 
as  it  necessarily  is  in  the  northern  provinces,  must  have 
a  morbific  effect  on  the  vital  organism  of  the  infant,  I 
cannot  see  where  mere  cold  can  be  made  either  a  primary 
or  even  a  determining  cause  of  this  mortality,  unless  it 
be  in  the  sense  of  an  extreme  condition  from  the  heated 
apartment  to  which  it  is  returned  after  these  ceremonies; 


INTRODUCTION. 


29 


rooms  overheated  from  a  mistaken  idea  of  parental  solici- 
tude, more  so  than  usual,  simply  because  the  child  has 
been  out  in  the  cold.  The  real  cause  of  the  mortality 
lies  simply  in  the  vitality-depressing  influence  of  the 
foul,  miasmatic  air  in  the  public  places,  and  in  the  ex- 
treme variability  of  temperatures  to  which  the  child  is 
subjected;  and  cold,  by  itself,  or  the  condition  in  which 
it  is  encountered — in  the  open  air — being  in  reality  the 
most  friendly  to  the  infant  of  all  the  conditions.      In  an 


I 


Arrowhead  Hot  Springs  and  Botrl,  San  Bernardino  Codntt. 

equable  temperature  like  that  of  Southern  California,  at 
son-level,  or  in  Bogota  at  its  high  elevation,  but,  witb  a 
like  climate,  such  a  mortality  is  simply  impossible,  owing 
to  an  utter  absence  of  the  combined  causes. 

The  wt Statistics  of  the  Kingdom  of  Bavaria  "  give  to 
that  kingdom  a  mortality  of  34.04.  Bavaria,  to  the  east 
and  north,  has  its  Alps  and  other  mountains,  and  is  situ- 
ated in  the  centre  of  Europe,  away  from  any  oceanic  influ- 
ence.    Spain,  a  high  and  mountainous  country,  with  its 


30  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

population  at  higher  elevations  than  that  inhabited  by 
the  masses  in  France,  has  a  mortality  of  18.61.  European 
Russia,  with  its  continental  climate,  has  a  rate  of  26.68 ; 
while  in  some  portions  of  the  empire  the  winter  mortality 
among  those  under  1  year  reaches  the  great  ratio  of 
69.1.  The  Russian  climate  is  one  of  extreme  range;  at 
Yakutsk,  300  miles  south  of  the  arctic  circle,  the  winter 
temperature  reaches  — 58  degrees  and  that  of  summer 
99  degrees, — a  range  of  157  degrees  for  the  year. 
Ventilation  among  the  poorer  classes  is  quite  impracti- 
cable during  the  extreme  cold  winter;  this  fact  and  the 
great  variability  in  temperature  show  their  effects  in  this 
great  mortality,  which  in  summer — ventilation  being 
practicable — drops  down  to  31.6  per  cent. 

A  comparison  of  the  climates  of  the  mountainous  and 
inland  continental  plains,  with  their  great  range  and  im- 
practicable observance  of  hygiene  and  their  infant  death- 
rate,  in  contrast  to  the  mild,  equable,  low  temperature 
of  the  insular  climates  and  their  low  death-rate  at  this 
period,  speaks  for  itself  as  to  the  effect  of  a  marine 
climate  in  inducing  disease  of  the  respiratory  organs,  as 
it  is  that  class  of  disease  which,  in  winter  and  in  the 
high  elevations  of  Europe,  causes  the  greatest  mortality 
among  infants. 

MARINE    CLIMATES    AND    ADULT    LIFE. 

The  infant,  aged,  and  invalid  have  a  like  suscepti- 
bility to  atmospheric  changes,  or  anything  that  tends  to 
depress  the  vital  functions.  What  a  climate  will  do  for 
one  of  these  three  classes,  it  can  be  depended  upon  for 
doing  to  either  of  the  other  two. 

Statistics  as  to  the  migratory  invalid  are  not  to  be 
had,  and  no  exact  census  as  to  longevity  is  obtainable; 
but  the  influence  of  the  Scotch  climate  on  infant  mor- 


INTRODUCTION.  31 

tality,  duration  of  human  life,  and  in  a  therapeutic  sense 
— as  well  as  that  of  Ireland,  which  is  also  well  known — 
fully  carry  out  the  proposition  already  set  forth.  Equa- 
bility of  temperature  and  health  go  hand-in-hand  ;  there 
is  no  disease  that  equability  induces;  1  nit  its  reverse 
condition  brings  respiratory-organ  diseases  in  the  tem- 
perate, and  of  the  abdominal  organs  in  the  tropical. 
zones.  Even  in  the  equable  British  Islands,  it  is  ob- 
served by  Bennet  that  the  Registrar-General's  reports 
show  that  the  healthiest  summers  are  those  that  arc  the 
lowest  in  temperature;  the  healthiest  winters,  those  that 
are  highest.  The  seasons  of  least  mortality  in  the  year 
arc  those  in  which  the  temperature  is  neither  extreme 'in 
one  sense  nor  in  the  other.  Conversely,  the  years  and 
seasons  of  the  greatest  mortality  arc  those  in  which  ex- 
tremes of  cold  in  the  winter  and  of  heat  in  the  summer 
are  reached. 

Aside  from  the  above  reasons,  every  other  condition 
being  equal,  a  great  majority  of  pulmonary  affections 
are  only  secondary  to  some  cardiac  or  renal  affection. 
The  profession  of  to-day  entertain  a  different  opinion 
about  the  etiology  of  pneumonia  from  that  held  some 
years  ago.  Had  Delatield  written  his  "Studies  in  Patho- 
logical Anatomy"  in  the  times  of  Broussais,  he  never 
would  have  headed  his  classification  with  "  Pneumonia 
from  Heart  Disease."  Now,  it  is  well  known  that  a 
diseased  kidney  will  produce  organic  change  in  the 
heart,  which,  in  its  turn,  will  affect  the  lungs.  In  these 
cases — and  there  are  many — altitude  is  altogether  inad- 
missible; such  cases  do  well  on  sea-le\el.  but  give  a  dis- 
astrous result  when  sent  to  altitudes.  1  have  known  such 
cases,  who  were  doing  well  on  the  shore,  suddenly  develop 
a  mitral  insufficiency  by  a  camping-trip  to  an  altitude 
of  4000  feet  or  over,  and  return  in  a  hopeless  condition. 


32  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

Here  is  a  point  that  will  bear  explanation.  The 
question  is  often  asked,  and  with  apparent  reason,  "  Has 
not  California  more  heart  and  kidney  diseases  than  any 
other  State  in  the  Union  \  " 

There  are,  undoubtedly,  more  uncomplicated  cases 
of  the  above  diseases  that  jog  along  in  this  State  than  in 
any  other,  for  the  very  simple  reason  that  elsewhere  a 
pneumonia,  a  bronchitis,  or  some  other  intercurrent  dis- 
ease would  long  ago  have  stepped  in  and  taken  off  the 
patient.  Here  such  complications  do  not  occur,  unless 
provoked  by  very  serious  and  persistent  aggression  on 
the  part  of  the  patient;  and  then,  only  in  the  form  of 
the  simplest  passive  congestion  at  the  end,  without  the 
least  sign  of  any  sthenic  condition, — -just  a  simple  suffo- 
cation, that  gradually  takes  off  its  victim;  in  other  cases 
it  may  be  sudden.  It  is  owing  to  these  uncomplicated 
cases  of  heart  or  kidney  disease  terminating  in  this 
singular  manner  that  the  impression  above  mentioned  has 
been  formed.  The  climate  does  not  produce  either  of 
these  classes  of  disease,  but  it  keeps  other  complications 
at  bay,  giving  the  patient  his  primary  ailment  alone  to 
overcome, — a  benefit  not  to  be  had  in  an  equal  degree  in 
any  other  climate  in  the  United  States. 

Altitudes  are  of  great  benefit  in  many  cases,  and  the 
different  elevations  as  necessary,  in  a  therapeutic  sense, 
as  the  gradation  in  the  cell-power  of  a  galvanic  battery. 
Patients  often  find  benefit  from  one  elevation  more  than 
in  another.  I  have  had  patients  who  do  well  at  Colton 
or  Riverside  for  one  disease,  and  others,  with  the  same 
disease,  who  improve  more  rapidly  by  coming  from  there 
to  the  sea-shore ;  and  it  is  better  to  fit  the  climate  to  the 
patient  than  to  undertake  to  fit  the  patient  to  the 
climate.  In  many  cases  of  incipient  tuberculosis,  with 
an  otherwise  good  organism,  nothing  better  can  be  sug- 


INTRODUCTION. 


33 


gested  than  a  sojourn  in  an  altitude ;  especially  the 
balsamic-atmosphered  highlands  of  Southern  California, 
where  acute  pulmonary  diseases  do  not  occur. 

Having  now  given  the  reader  some  general  idea 
regarding  the  relations  that  exist  between  health,  longev- 
ity, and  disease  and  climates,  as  well  as  between  differ- 
ent meteorological  conditions,  we  will  now  proceed  with 
the  description  of  the  meteorology  of  Southern  Cali- 
fornia. Alter  a  careful  perusal  of  the  foregoing  remark-. 
the  reader  will  be  better  able  to  comprehend  how  tin- 
described  atmospheric  and  other  physical  conditions  will 
be  likely  to  affect  man,  either  in  health  or  in  disease. 


Palm  Valley,  Ban  Diego. 

(By  parminloii  of  Southern  Pacific  C  .uipaoy.) 


SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA: 

Its   Physical,    Meteorological,    and   Climatological 

Conditions. 


AREA    AND    EXTENT. 

Southern  California  covers  an  area  of  territory 
equal  in  extent  to  the  States  of  Maine  and  Ohio  com- 
bined, or  of  the  combined  surface  of  England  and  Wales. 
In  its  widest  diameter,  from  east  to  west,  it  is  over  380 
miles  in  breadth,  and  from  north  to  south  its  diameter  is 
over  180  miles.  Its  northern  boundary  is  formed  by  a 
chain  of  mountains, — spurs  of  the  coast  range  and  Sierra 
Nevada, — very  high  and  mountainous  in  the  west,  but 
more  low  and  hilly  to  the  east ;  the  east  is  bounded  by 
the  Colorado  River,  the  south  by  the  Mexican  frontier, 
and  the  southwest  and  west  by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The 
shore  line  of  the  mainland  faces  Santa  Barbara  Channel 
and  its  chain  of  islands  that  stand  out  at  sea  from  20 
to  70  miles  distant.  From  Point  Arguello — the  western 
limit  of  its  coast — to  the  Mexican  boundary  monument 
on  the  sea-shore,  which  marks  its  southerly  coast  limits, 
the  shore  trends  to  the  east  a  distance  of  over  '214  miles, 
this  beiii"'  the  difference  in  latitude  that  exists  between 
the  two  points ;  this  also  fully  exhibits  the  southerly 
exposure  of  the  coast.  Its  southern  borders  are  nearly 
on  the  32d  degree  of  north  latitude. 

A  glance  at  the  map  will  show  the  high  and  exten- 
sive ranges  of  mountains,  running  east  and  west,  which 
form  the  northern  boundary  of  the  California  of  the 
South ;  below  these  are  seen  the  Santa  Inez  and  San 
(31) 


SER  LEVEL    . 


is,  2000  to  3000  feet  high. 


ountains   lay   parallel  to  above,  just 

7  to  9  is  the   length  of  the    San 

s  inhabited,  and   brown   the    Desert 


1. 
2. 

3- 
4- 

5- 
6 

1- 
8. 

9- 

10. 
1 1. 
12. 


PROFILE,   EAST  AND  WEST.  50  MILES  ABOVE   BOUNDARY   LINE. 


Pacific  Ocean 


Cha 


and  5 


Santa   Barbara  Channel. 
Semi-tropic  California. 
Mountains.  4500  to  8000  feet  high. 
Sink  in  Desert,  300  feet  below  sea-le 


7.  Desert  Mountains.  2c 

8.  Colorado  River. 

9.  Mountains  of  Arizona 


3  to  3000  feet  high. 


PROFILE.  EAST  AND  WEST  THROUGH  LATITUDE  OF  SAN  GABRIEL  VALLEY.  High  mountain,  lay  parallel  to  above  iust 
G.t'.m,  TheT:U"r;'  t"**"  in  Llgh'  G""  Sh3de'  •"•"""■«  '~»  "«  ^  5  *  F*.  9.  7  .0  9  is  the  length  .,  the'  San 
portionl  "  'egl0n  e"h'bi,S  a  "^  tOP°^W'Ca]  P-""»       G'«"  -I— *  W-btad.  and   b,o»n   the   Desert 

Pacific  Ocean 

Submarine  range  of  hills  of  San  Miguel. 

Santa  Rosa  Island. 

Santa  Cruz  Island. 

Anacapa  Island  Hills  (submarine). 

Santa  Barbara  Channel. 

Wilmington,  Mouth  of  Los  Angeles  or  San  Gabriel  Riyer. 

San  Gabriel  Valley— about  700  feel  elevation  at  Fig.  8. 

Edge  of  Desert  to  the  east  of  Colton  and  San  Bernardino. 

Extension  of  San  Bernardino  Range  into  Desert. 

Colorado  R.rer— eastern  boundary  of  Southern  California. 


AREA    AND    EXTENT.  35 

Fernando  Mountains,  which  form  a  second  chain;  below 
these  still  are  seen  the  Santa  .Monica.  Siena  Madre,  and 
the  San  Bernardino  ranges.  It  is  these  mountain  chains 
that  insure  to  Southern  California  so  much  more  rain  than 
that  which  falls  in  the  interior  of  Middle  California  ;  and 
why  sca>on>  of  drouth  in  the  large  valleys  to  the  north 
of  Mojave  are  not  followed  by  like  drouths  in  the  south 
is  here  explained,  as  these  high  ranges  of  hills  intercept 
and  precipitate  the  moisture  in  the  air,  which  is  borne 
upward  against  their  southern  slopes  by  the  southerly 
winds  during  the  seasons  of  rain,  the  clouds  losing  the 
greater  part  of  their  moisture  in  passing  over  these  three 
successive  ranges.  It  is  also  these  same  mountain  chains 
that  divide  the  California  of  the  South  from  Middle  Cali- 
fornia, so  to  make  such  a  unique  and  distinct  climate  to 
the  former.  The  abrupt  descent  that  the  mountains 
make  from  their  highest  elevations  down  into  depths  of 
the  desert  will  also  explain  how  the  great  heat  of  that 
locality  is  prevented  from  flowing  over  to  the  westward, 
and  shows  plainly  how  this  overheated  air.  which  at 
times  reaches  a  temperature  of  1  10  degrees,  is  forced 
upward  into  the  cooler  regions  several  thousand  feet  in 
the  air  before  it  flows  to  the  west — the  only  direction  it 
can  find  as  an  outlet;  as  to  the  east,  the  arid  wastes  of 
Arizona  offer  a  like  column  of  overheated  air  that  hems 
it  in  from  that  direction.  It  is.  therefore,  forced  so  far 
upward  that  it  loses  the  greater  part  of  its  heat  before 
flowing  down  over  the  western  slopes  of  the  mountains. 
This  topographical  feature  will  be  noticeable  bj  consult- 
ing the  map  showing  the  sectional  profiles,  where  it  will 
he  seen  that,  whereas  the  ascent  from  the  sea-shore  is 
made  in  from  45  to  60  miles  on  the  west,  the  descent 
from  the  crest  to  the  desert  i>  often  accomplished  in  a 
few  miles. 


36 


SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 


MOUNTAIN    CHAINS. 

At  Point  Conception  the  coast  range  of  mountains 
follows  the  sea-shore  in  its  abrupt  turn  to  the  east,  run- 
ning in  that  direction  to  the  San  Emidio  Mountains,  so 
as  to  form  a  mountainous  rampart  to  the  north ;  from 
the  sea-shore  the  Sierra  Santa  Inez  forms  another 
east  and  west  range  to  the  south  of  that  of  the  coast 
range.     Further  inland  the  San  Fernando  range  forms 


§3g  •^■^ 

View  of  San  Luis  Rey  Mission,  San  Diego  County. 

a  mountain  chain  to  the  south  of  the  San  Emidio  Moun- 
tains. The  Santa  Monica  and  the  San  Antonio  are  two 
more  ranges  of  mountains  that  run  east  and  west,  the 
former  being  on  the  coast ;  the  Sierra  Madre  and  the 
San  Bernardino  mountains  also  face  the  south.  As  the 
south  is  approached,  Ave  meet  the  Santa  Rosa  range,  San 
Jacinto  range,  and  Smith's  Mountain  ;  all  of  the  above 
mountains  face  to  the  south.  Across  the  San  Gorgonio 
Pass,  which  leads  through  a  gap  south  of  Mount  San 
Bernardino  from  the  extensive  valley  of  the  San  Gabriel 
into   the  desert  of  the  Colorado,  the  coast  range  again 


VALLEYS.  37 

take  up  their  southerly  course  with  a  varying  elevation 
of  from  5000  to  1)000  feet,  and  by  their  presence  divid- 
ing the  California  of  the  South  into  two  separate  and 
opposite-conditioned  regions. — that  to  the  west  being 
the  semi-tropical  garden  of  the  Pacific  Slopes,  the  ideal 
Eden  of  Nordhoff  and  of  Truman,  the  land  of  summer 
seas  and  of  perennial  spring. — the  veritable  modern 
representative  of  that  land  which  Moses,  in  describing 
to  the  children  of  Israel,  said:  "The  land  whither  thou 
goest  in  to  possess  it  is  a  land  of  hills  and  valleys,  and 
drinketh  of  the  water  of  heaven  ;  a  land  which  the  Lord 
thy  God  careth  for."  To  the  east  the  mountains  drop 
suddenly  into  the  heated  and  arid  wilderness  of  the 
desert, — a  sandy  and  irregular  waste,  intersected  by  low 
ranges  of  mountains  having  a  southeasterly  trend,  and 
the  hottest  region  on  the  American  continent  ;  a  physical 
formation  as  puzzling  and  as  incomprehensible  as  the 
Sphinx.  With  all  its  aridity  and  excessive  ranges  of 
temperature,  its  simoons  and  sand-storms,  it  is.  never- 
theless, the  home  of  some  nomadic  tribes  of  Indians. 
Under  the  head  "Altitudes,"  farther  on.  the  reader  will 
find  a  closer  description  of  the  topograph)  of  the  Southern 
California  Mountains. 

VALLEYS. 
Southern  California  is  a  land  of  valleys  and  plains, 
as  well  as  <>!'  mountains  and  of  sea-shores.  In  Largest 
valley  is  that  of  San  Gabriel,  a  hroad,  extensive  valley, 
extending  from  the  ridge  of  low  mountains,  at  the  base 
of  San  Bernardino  Mountain,  as  far  as  the  ocean.  This 
hroad  and  beautiful  valley  has  been  termed  the  Lom- 
bard) of  America,  no  other  large  vallej  in  the  United 
States  being  capable  of  producing  the  like  climatic 
features  <»i-  the  like  variety  of  productions.  Next  in  im- 
portance there   is  the  Santa  Ana  Valley,  which  covers 


38  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

nearly  as   much   territory  as  the  State   of  Connecticut. 
These    valleys  are    more    deserving-    the    name    of  vasl 
plains,  as  the  San  Gabriel  has  often  reminded  the  writer 
of  the  historic  Plains  of  Marengo.     The  Plains  of  San 
Fernando  lie  to   the  north  of  Los  Angeles,  and  the  San 
Jacinto  Plain — a  broad,  level  stretch  of  prairie,  bounded 
in  by  the  horizon  and  distant  mountain  chains — lies  to 
the  south  of  Colton  and  San  Bernardino.     The  southern 
part  of  Southern  California  is  studded  with  numbers  of 
lesser  valleys,  such  as  the  San  Luis  Rev,  once  the  home 
of  a  thrifty   Franciscan   mission,  the   second  one  estab- 
lished by  the  Spanish  and  Mexican  monks,  and  which  at 
one    time    entertained    several    thousand    Indians ;     the 
San  Diego  River  Valley, — the  scene  of  the  first  mission 
and  settlement  in  California;  the  valleys  of  the  Cajon, 
Poway,  Santa  Ysabel,  and  Santa  Maria.     These  valleys 
all  present  different  climatic  conditions,  these  being  influ- 
enced by  altitude  and  proximity  to  ocean  or  high  moun- 
tains.    Some  are  tropical,  others  are  semi-tropical,  and 
those  like  the  Strawberry  Valley  are  Alpine  in  character. 
One  need  not  fear  the  lack  of  variety  in  Southern  Cali- 
fornia, as  valleys  laden  with  the  aroma  of  the  salty  sea 
or  of  the   mountain   pine   can   be   found  at  only  a  few 
hours'  ride  from  each  other.     The  varied  productions  of 
these  valleys,  from  the  gigantic  pine-cones  of  the  north 
to  the  banana,  or  the  date  of  the  tropics,  furnish  a  pleas- 
ing variety  of  scenery   to  the  invalid;   these,   with  the 
ever-present  flowers  to  denote  a  perpetual  spring,  prevent 
that  ennui  so  fatal  to  patients. 

SOIL. 

The  soil  on  the  immediate  coast  and  adjoining  table- 
lands is  largely  composed  of  a  decomposed  granite ;  in 
many  localities   there  are  large  patches  of  a  dark  clay, 


39 


40  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

which  is  termed  adobe.  It  is,  when  wet,  very  much  like 
putty  in  consistence,  very  adherent  and  unserviceable. 
It  is  useless  for  roads  even.  The  generality  of  the  soil 
is  of  the  disintegrated  granite,  and  very  sandy  and 
porous.  At  varying  depths  there  exists  a  hard  cement- 
like conglomerate,  which  is  called  hardpan ;  it  may  be 
formed  of  a  mixture  of  small  boulders  and  soil,  or  en- 
tirely of  the  soil  in  conjunction  with  the  cement-like, 
cohesive  material.  This  layer  may  be  one  or  more  feet 
in  thickness,  and  is  perfectly  impervious  to  the  passage 
of  water.  In  working  through  it,  it  has  to  be  blasted 
by  means  of  powder,  as  if  it  really  were  rock.  This 
peculiar  formation  is  to  be  found  in  nearly  every  part  of 
California.  In  the  small  valleys,  sand  and  gravel,  with 
a  top  layer  of  loamy  earth,  forms  a  very  porous  soil. 

SOIL  HEAT  AND  DRYNESS. 

From  the  nature  of  the  character  of  the  soil,  its  easy 
drainage,  and  the  presence  of  the  layer  of  impervious 
hardpan,  such  a  thing  as  soil  moisture  cannot  exist ;  it 
therefore  follows  that  there  is  nothing  in  the  ground  to 
make  it  either  damp  or  cold,  as  the  heaviest  of  rains 
cannot  go  beyond  the  layer  of  hardpan.  The  hot  sun 
of  the  latitude  is  therefore  continually  pouring  its  warm 
rays  on  a  heat-retaining  soil.  There  is  no  moisture 
whatever  in  the  ground  to  come  up  from  below,  and, 
therefore,  being  always  dry,  the  soil  is  very  warm.  At 
ground-level  it  is  20  degrees  warmer  than  five  feet 
above  it.  Cellars  are  here  much  warmer  at  all  times 
than  the  temperature  above  ground,  and  water  drawn 
from  wells  on  the  shores  of  the  Bay  of  San  Uiego  is 
found  to  be  many  degrees  warmer  than  the  surrounding 
atmosphere.  The  character  of  the  natural  vegetation, 
consisting,    as    it    does,    of   cacti    and    resinous    plants, 


RIVERS.  4 1 

grasses,  and  shrubs,  Like  the  sages,  damiana,  and  verba 
santa,  sufficiently  proves  the  dry  nature  of  the  soils. 

To  the  south  of  the  track  of  the  Atlantic  »S:  Pacific 
Railroad,  in  San  Bernardino  County,  there  rises,  from  the 
extensive  lava-beds  thai  once  came  from  the  westward, 
a  giant  cone  called  the  ••Crater,''  which  the  road-master 
states  is  rising  at  the  rate  of  two  feet  per  year;  the 
ground  of  this  cone  is  so  hot  that  it  will  cook  an  i 
buried  in  its  side  in  a  few  minutes.  This  cone  and  lava- 
beds  are  very  interesting  formations. 

RIVERS. 

The  rivers  of  this  region  are  not  many.  The  water- 
shed of  the  mountains  being  to  the  south  and  west,  all  of 
its  rivers  flow  toward  the  ocean  ;  the  character  of  the  soil 
and  its  sloping  condition  make  drainage  a  thing  of  the 
greatest  facility.  As  a  natural  result,  the  rain-fall  is 
quickly  carried  out  to  the  sea;  and.  although  the  main 
streams  may,  during  the  winter  rains  from  mountains,  be 
converted  into  turbulent  torrents  of  mad  and  swift- 
flowing  waters,  they  are  in  the  summer  hut  the  appar- 
ently dry  beds  of  the  former  streams.  When  the  rains 
have  been  slowly  pouring  and  long-continued,  i;i\in:_:  the 
hill-sides  ample  time  for  a  thorough  saturation,  the  streams 
rise  very  slowly  and  are  much  later  in  reaching  the  mm. 
After  a  season  of  ample  rains,  the  rivers  run  in  broad, 
deep  currents  to  the  ocean,  carrying  a  vast  amounl  of 
sand  and  soil  in  their  rapid  descent.  This  ma\  lasl  until 
late  in  the  sninmer;  the  volume  of  waters  then  slowl) 
diminishes,  the  currents  are  less  rapid,  and  soon  the  Les- 
sening waters  uncover  the  sand}  river-beds.  This  process 
gradually  proceeds  inland,  until  the  whole  river-course 
is  a  dry,  sandy  channel,  that  may  extend  twentj  or  more 
miles   upward  from  the  sea-shore    toward  the  mountains, 


42 


SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 


where  the  former  river  still  exists,  in  the  shape  of  a 
small  rivulet,  that  here  ends  in  the  sands.  The  river 
has  not.  however,  entirely  lost  all  its  identity  ;  the  volume 
of  water  which  it  still  carries  is  far  in  excess  of  what  is 
visible.  It  is  simply  a  subterranean  river,  and  one  or 
two  feet  of  digging-  in  any  part  of  its  course,  from  the 
point  of  its  sinking  out  of  sight  in  the  hills  to  its  outlet 
at  the  sea-shore,  demonstrates  the  existence  of  the  fresh- 
water stream.  The  San  Gabriel  River  has  the  largest 
and  most  productive  water-shed,  as  it  obtains  its  supply 


Public  Library,  Raymond  Ave.,  Pasadena. 


from  the  long  chain  of  Sierra  Madre  and  other  mountains 
that  face  to  the  south,  this  being  the  direction  from 
whence  the  greatest  amount  of  moisture  is  condensed. 
The  Los  Angeles  River  is  a  small  stream  all  through  the 
summer. 

OCEAN    AND    CHANNEL    CURRENTS. 

This  portion  of  California  has  its  climate  modified  by 
the  marine  currents:  First,  by  those  of  the  ocean  in  a 
general  way,  and  secondly  by  the  channel  currents 
locally.  Heat  is  brought  to  the  American  coast  by  two 
currents — these  being  the  Kuro-Siwo  or  Japan  stream 


OCEAN    AND     CHANNEL    CURRENTS.  43 

and  the  great  circular  North  Pacific  drift-current.  Cold 
is  imparted  from  the  colder  waters  coming  from  the  many 
cold,  deep, ocean  currents  with  which  the  Pacific  abounds. 
In  the  latitude  of  San  Francisco  the  southward-flowing 
return  current  of  the  Japan  stream  is  joined  by  the  east- 
erly current  of  the  greal  circular  drift-stream;  at  this 
point  some  of*  the  very  cold  waters  of  some  of  the  deep<  r 
cold  currents  also  conic  to  the  surface.  (At  the  Farallone 
Islands.  35  miles  westward  from  off"  the  Bay  of  San 
Francisco.  42°  F.  is  the  constant  annual  temperature.) 
The  admixture  of  all  these  streams  goes  to  form  the  Cali- 
fornia current,  which  follows  the  coast  as  far  south  as 
Point  Conception,  where  the  submarine  mountain  chain. 
of  which  the  Channel  Islands  form  the  crests,  deflects  the 
stream  to  the  south  and  off  the  shore,  which  here  turns 
abruptly  to  the  east,  so  thai  abreast  of  the  middle  of  the 
Southern  California  const  this  cold  ocean  current  lies 
nearly  100  miles  to  the  westward  of  the  shores  of  the 
mainland.  The  swiftly-moving  stream  and  the  deflecting 
winds,  which  further  assist  the  wave-movement  to  the 
southward,  form  a  suction  or  aspirating  force  that  is 
exerted  on  the  waters  to  the  east  of  the  Point.  This 
movement  results  in  forming  a  westerly-moving  current 
in  the  Channel  waters.  This  westward  motion  is  followed 
by  all  the  mass  of  waters  lying  between  the  mainland 
and  the  submarine  chain  of  lulls. — ;t  formation  thai  •  it- 
tends  some  hundreds  of  miles  to  the  south;  the  ocean 
waters  in  the  Channel  required  to  keep  up  this  westerly- 
moving  current  comes  from  the  wanner  waters  of  more 
southerly  latitudes,  w  here  the)  are  drawn  into  the  south- 
ern end  of  the  Channel  by  the  aspirating  force  first 
exerted  at  Point  Conception.  Prom  the  deflection  of  the 
colder  ( lalifornia  current  to  such  a  distance  off  the  coast, 
and  the  drawing  up  of  the  warmer  waters  of  the  South 


44  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

to  fill  the  Channel,  it  follows  that  the  shores  of  its  coast 
are  bathed  in  a  warmer  sea-water  than  the  rest  of  Cali- 
fornia; the  shallower  depths  of  the  submarine  valley 
that  forms  the  bed  of  the  Channel  further  assists  in 
excluding-  the  colder  and  deeper  streams,  as  well  as  in 
keeping-  up  the  warmth  of  its  waters.  On  the  northeast 
shores  of  Santa  Catalina  Island  the  waters  are  remark- 
ably clear,  calm,  and  warm,  the  warmth  being  much 
greater  than  that  of  the  waters  on  the  shores  of  the  main- 
land ;  fishes  are  seen  swimming  among  the  rocks  and 
sea-weeds  at  a  great  depth.  The  tropical  characteristics 
of  the  sea  at  this  point  and  at  the  Bay  of  San  Diego,  due 
to  the  southerly  source  of  the  waters  and  to  the  peculiarly 
heating  character  of  the  land,  which  thereabouts  abounds 
in  hot  springs,  is  in  marked  contrast  to  the  chilly  and 
bleak  California  stream — over  300  miles  in  width — 
flowing  to  the  south,  to  the  west  of  the  islands.  The 
islands  of  the  inner  tier  have  a  much  milder  climate  than 
those  of  the  outer  tier,  and  the  easterly  sides  of  the 
islands  are  milder  than  the  west. 

The  peculiar  meeting  of  arctic  and  tropical  currents 
gives  to  the  shores  of  San  Diego  an  odd  variety  of  sea- 
fauna,  which  is  the  best  evidence  of  the  widely  different 
sources  from  whence  the  sea  of  the  neighborhood  obtains 
its  waters.  In  regard  to  marine  fauna,  Prof.  C.  It.  Orcutt 
observes  that  San  Diego  probably  stands  the  first  on  the 
list  in  the  number  of  recorded  forms  of  marine  life. 
'•The  San  Diego  fauna  possess  additional  advantage, 
however,  in  not  only  having  a  fair  admixture  of  northern 
types,  but  also  in  yielding  a  large  number  of  forms  be- 
longing to  the  warmer  waters  to  the  southward."  In 
the  neighborhood  of  La  Jolla — a  sea-side  resort  with  a 
cove  with  the  sea-waves  beating  into  deep  and  fantastic 
caves,  made  by  wave-action  into  the  face  of  the  nearly 


TIDES.  45 

perpendicular   cliff — the   bright-hued,    gold-tinted,    and 

bright-red  and  blue  fish  can  often  be  seen,  with  seals 
basking  in  the  outer  edge  of  the  cove,  while  schools  of 
whales  or  porpoises  sporl  oul  at  sea, — a  queer  mingling 

of  the  sea-denizens  of  the  warm  seas  of  the  tropics  and 
the  dark-blue, cold  waters  of  the  arctic  regions,  bringing 
up  simultaneous  visions  of  the  bright  coral  reefs  and 
cocoa-nut  palms  of  the  South  and  the  chilly  glaciers  and 
iceberg's  of  the  far  North.  As  before  said,  these  are  con- 
ditions almost  incomprehensible  and  irreconcilable  when 
occurring  together,  and  they  must  be  seen  to  be  appre- 
ciated. As  stated  by  Charles  Dudley  Warner:  it  is 
incongruous  that  he  should  be  looking  at  a  date-tree 
while  wearing  his  overcoat;  and  he  is  puzzled  that  a 
thermometrical  heat  that  should  enervate  him  elsewhere 
stimulates  him  here.  '"It  is  a  fraud,"  he  says,  "all  this 
visible  display  of  summer,  and  an  almost  summer  at  that; 
it  is  really  a  cold  country." 

The  effect  on  the  climate  produced  by  this  peculiar 
condition  of  the  ocean  water  is  to  give  it  ;i  constancy  of 
temperature.  For  further  information  concerning  the 
ocean  and  bay  waters  and  their  temperature  the  reader 
is  referred  to  a  paragraph  on  the  temperature  of  ocean 
water  farther  on.  in  which  a  comparative  table  i-  given, 
comparing  the  California  Channel  waters  with  those  of 
the  Atfmtic  and  of  the  Pacific  in  Middle  California. 

TIDES. 

* 

The  tides  on  the  Channel  shores  are  of  the  greatest 
regularity  as  to  the  limit  of  their  rise  and  fill,  owing  to 
the  entire  want  of  disturbing  elements  in  the  shape  of 
storms  or  any  unusual  wind-.  The  spring  tides  rise 
5.6  feet  above  average  low-water  mark,  and  the  neap 
tides  fall  4  2  feet  below.     The  daily  papers  on  the  coast 


46 


SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 


are  in  the  habit  of  publishing  tide-tables ;  so  that  the 
tourist  or  invalid  can  readily  ascertain  the  time  of  the 


I       T 


lowest  tide,  when   he   may  gather   sea-mosses   or   other 
specimens  of  natural  history  belonging  to  marine  life. 


rSLANDS.  47 

SEA-SHORE    AND    BEACH. 

The  sea-shores  present  many  peculiar  features,  the 
most  noticeable  being  a  strange  formation  of  a  beach  of 
large  pebbles  and  small  boulders  at  the  mouth  of  the 
creeks  and  small  rivers;  the  rocks  broughl  down  by  the 
streams  are  thrown  back  by  the  sea-wave  action  and 
piled  up  with  such  regularity  that  it  looks  as  if  it  were 
the  systematic  work  of  man.  At  different  points  of  the 
coast  are  to  be  found  many  of  those  fantastic  isolated 
results  of  wave-action  on  outstanding  rocks,  perfectly 
similar  in  every  regard  to  the  Pigeon  Rocks  mar  Bey- 
rout,  in  Syria;  at  La  Jolla.  in  the  vicinity  of  San  Diego, 
a  high,  perpendicular  cliff  has  been  worn  by  this  cease- 
less wave-action  into  a  number  of  large,  irregular,  deep 
caves,  which  can  be  entered  at  low  tide  ;  these  Sea-cav- 
erns  and  the  adjoining  rocks  are  full  of  sea-mosses  and 
marine  plants,  both  easy  to  gather  as  well  as  to  preserve. 
Santa  Barbara,  Santa  Monica.  Long  Beach,  Carlsbad, 
Pacific  Beach,  and  Coronado  Beach  all  have  fine,  hard, 
sandy  beaches.  At  Coronado  the  beach-drive  extends 
in  a  crescent  facing  the  ocean  to  the  southwest  for  a  dis- 
tance of  15  miles.  At  Carlsbad  the  beach-drive  is  one 
long  stretch  of  over  20  miles.  At  all  of  these  resorts 
there  is  good  surf-bathing,  and  shore  us  well  as  deeper 
sea-fishing,  either  of  which  can  be  enjoyed  at  any  season 
of  the  year.  Boating  and  yachting  are  also  much  prac- 
ticed, the  absence  of  sudden  squalls,  high  winds,  or  storms 
on  this  portion  of  the  coast  robbing  this  pastime  of  all 
dangers. 

I  SI.  ^NDS. 
At  a  distance  of  from  20  to  70  miles    from  the  main- 
land   there    is    a    chain    of  islands,   disposed,  as   n    were, 
into  two  tiers. — an  outer  and  an  inner  tier.     Tl ley  are 

the  crests  of  a  submarine   chain  ol    mountains   that    par- 


48  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

allel  the  coast  and  rise  from  500  to  3000  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea;  the  largest  of  the  group  are  from  15 
to  28  miles  in  length.  These  islands  are  resorted  to  by- 
yachting,  hunting,  and  fishing  parties. 

FAUNA. 

The  animal  life  of  this  region  is  denotive  botli  of  its 
southerly  latitude  and  of  the  influence  that  is  exerted 
upon  its  climate  by  the  extensive  cold  current  to  the 
westward,  and  the  almost  continuous  action  of  the 
westerly  sweep  of  the  winds.  On  the  seas  and  its  shores 
are  found  the  gigantic  sea-turtle  and  bright-hued  fishes 
of  the  tropical  'seas,  alongside  of  the  seal,  sea-lion,  sea- 
otter,  and  whale  of  the  arctic  regions.  On  the  Cortes 
Banks,  in  the  full  sweep  of  the  cold  California  current, 
the  analogue  of  the  Newfoundland  cod  is  in  as  plentiful 
abundance ;  nearer  in-shore  the  tunny  and  sardine  of 
the  Mediterranean  are  found  in  equal  profusion ;  the 
white-fish  and  rock,  shrimp,  lobster,  crab,  and  clam  of 
the  Virginia  bays  and  inlets  are  here  as  abundant  and  in 
as  great  varietv  ;  besides,  these  waters  furnish  an  excel- 
lent  quality  of  sea-bass,  sole,  mackerel,  smelt,  baracouta, 
redfish,  and  many  more  edible  varieties  of  excellent 
flavor.  Tons  of  abalone  meat,  it  being  the  edible  part 
of  a  large  shell-fish,  are  yearly  exported  to  China.  On 
land  there  is  the  bear,  deer,  wild  cat,  lynx,  hare,  rabbit, 
squirrel,  cayote,  or  wild  dog;  while  the  birds  are  repre- 
sented by  all  varieties  of  ducks,  geese,  brant,  quail, 
doves,  as  well  as  by  all  kinds  of  small  birds  and  the 
birds  of  prey;  the  sea-gull,  pelican,  curlew,  sea-snipe, 
and  shags  are  very  plentiful  along  the  shores.  On  the 
desert  a  small  land-tortoise  is  found  that  has  a  won- 
derful tenacity  to  life.  The  reptiles  are  also  well  repre- 
sented.    My   friend,   Dr.   F.  E.  Blaisdell,  has   collected 


^Hl^^l 


50  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

over  250  species  of  birds  and  over  5000  species  of  ento- 
mological specimens  in  the  neighborhood  of  San  Diego 
Bay  region  alone,  which  are  a  part  of  his  large  cabinet 
of  natural  history  at  his  home  at  Coronado  Beach.  To 
the  naturalist  this  section  offers  an  endless  amount  of 
material  for  labor  and  interesting  study,  owing  to  the 
richness  and  numberless  varieties  of  its  fauna  and  flora. 

FLORA. 

Like  to  its  fauna,  the  flora  of  the  region  partakes 
its  characteristics  from  nearlv  every  floral  realm.  Along 
its  shores,  and  in  such  quantity  as  to  act  the  part  of  an 
effectual  breakwater  to  the  wave-action,  there  is  found, 


Live  Oak,  Orange  Grovb  Ave.,  Pasadena. 


at  many  places,  a  broad  barrier  of  kelp  or  sea-weed, 
sometimes  extending  for  miles  in  length.  On  the  rocks 
and  in  the  caves  of  the  sea-shore,  Mr.  D.  Cleveland  has 
collected  no  less  than  158  varieties  of  algae,  or  sea- 
mosses.  The  various  sorts  of  ice-plants,  with  their 
bright  flowers,  abound  along  the  coast.  The  ferns  are 
beautiful,  and  grow  to  perfection.  Twenty-eight  varie- 
ties have  already  been  collected.  C.  R.  Orcutt,  the  nat- 
uralist, has  gathered  specimens  of  75  different  varieties 
of  grasses  and  15  of  malvae.  The  rosaceae,  geraniaceae, 
lichenes,  leguminosae,  and  ranunculae,  as  well  as  the 
papaveracea,  are  found  in  a  profusion  of  varieties.  The 
region  is  the  natural  home  of  the  labiatae,  or  mints,  to 


TEMPERATURE.  51 

which  belong  the  sages,  as  well  as  of  the  century-plant 
and  of  the  cacti.  In  the  liills  and  mountains  spice- 
shrubs,  laurels,  birch,  walnut,  oak,  willow,  sycamore,  and 
pines  abound,  and  in  many  varieties.  On  the  desert  and 
in  the  interior  valleys,  and,  al  times,  even  near  the  -  - 
shores,  are  the  wild  palm,  with  edible  fruit;  the  Texas 
plum,  mesquite-  and  screw-  bean,  yucca,  and  the  Sim- 
mondsa,  or  edible  goat-nut, — all  plants  which  furnish 
fruits  that  sustain  animal  life.  On  the  higher  elevations, 
where  the  climate  greatly  resembles  that  of  New  Enar- 
land,  the  wild  strawberry,  dewberry,  and  thimble-  or 
bush-  mulberry  arc  found  in  abundance  during  their 
appropriate  season.  In  addition  to  its  great  wealth 
of  indigenous  flora,  the  Franciscan  monks,  who  first 
planted  the  seeds  of  civilization  on  this  coast,  introduced 
the  grape,  fig,  olive,  the  date  of  Arabia,  the  orange,  Lemon, 
lime,  chestnut,  and  the  fruits  of  semi-tropic  Mexico  and 
Southern  Europe,  and  all  the  cereals  have  since  then  made 
this  coast  their  natural  home.  No  region  can  boast  of 
a  more  rich  or  beautiful  flora  than  that  possessed  by 
Southern  California,  and  its  hardy  nature  is  strongly  de- 
notive  of  the  vitality-inducing  properties  of  the  climate. 

TEMPERATURE. 

Tlu1  coast,  foot-hills,  mountain,  and  desert  all  have 
their  distinct  and  peculiar  conditions  of  temperatures. 
Beginning  at  the  extreme  westerly  limits  of  the  region 
that  is  comprised  within  the  California  of  the  South,  we 
first  meet  the  outer  borders  of  the  seaward  island^.  Tlie 
temperature  is  not  hen'  influenced  by  the  latitude.  Imt 
wholly  by  the  cold  character  of  the  California  current, 
which,  as  has  been  already  shown,  has  n  large  admixture 
of  dccji  sea-current  waters  of  an  arctic  coldness.  The 
sides   of  the    islands   that   face   the    mainland    are    much 


52 


SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 


warmer.  The  inner  tier  of  islands,  as  lias  been 
observed,  have  a  much  milder  climate  than  the  outer. 
The  temperature  of  the  coast  itself  is  greatly  influenced 
by  the  immediate  topographical  features,  where  deep  or 
well-defined  valleys  are  so  situated  as  to  produce  a  pow- 
erful aspirating  movement  from  the  sea  to  the  inland 
regions.  It  is  much  warmer  where  there  is  no  break 
ill  the  coast-line  of  any  consequence,  and  where  no  such 
aspirating  force  exists.  On  the  islands  the  temperature 
is  very  even,  and  the  range  but  small.  On  the  shores 
of  the  mainland  the  equability  is  somewhat  disturbed 
by  the  influence  of  the  land,  but  it  is  still  remarkably 
equable.  The  following  table  will  give  a  comprehensive 
idea  of  the  general  temperature  on  the  immediate  coast : — 

Mean  of  Monthly  Temperature  at  San  Diego,  Cat.. 


u 

3 

a 

03 
1-3 

u 

Si 

o 
u 

p. 

< 

>> 

oj 

3 

1-5 

1-5 

Si 

< 

£ 

a 
00 

di 

o 
o 
O 

3 

s 

> 
o 

3 

5 
o 

O 
V 

p 

Taken  from  16  years' 

average     mean    for 
each    month  .... 

53.5 

54.7 

.56.0 

58.2 

60.2 

64.6 

67.1 

69.0 

66.7 

62.9 

58.1  j  56.0 

Mean  at  7  a.m.  for  1887 
for  each   month  .  . 

47.5 

47.1 

51.7 

54.5 

57.6 

60.5 

63.4 

63.5 

62.6 

59.3 

53.8    48.9 

Mean  at  3 p.m.  for  1887 
for  each   month  .   . 

60.9 

57.7 

62.4 

63.3 

66.3 

68.5 

69.6 

69.6 

69.5 

69.6 

64.4    60.5 

Mean    at  10   p.m.  for 
1887  for  each  month. 

54.6 

53.9 

57.5 

59.1 

62.3 

64.9 

66.5 

65.4 

65.0 

64  6 

59.3    54.5 

Maximum  for  month, 
1887 

74.0 

76.0 

82.0 

80.0 

79.0 

78.0 

79.0 

77.0 

79.0 

85.0 

82.0    74  0 

Minimum  for  month, 
1887 

38.0 

38.0 

44.0 

44.0 

48.0 

54.0 

60.0 

54.0 

.58.0 

50.0 

44.0 

36.0 

The  above  means  may  be  taken  as  a  fair  average  of 
the  temperature  of  the  day,  as  the  daily  variation  from 
one  day  to  another  is  so  slight  that  the  mean  in  the  three 
daily  observations  can  be  said  to  be  the  actual  tempera- 
ture   daily    at    those    hours.      At   Santa    Barbara    it    is 


n 


54  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

slightly  warmer  than  at  San  Diego,  owing  to  the  coast 
at  that  point  facing  square  to  the  south,  and  to  a  high 
hill  that  runs  north  and  south  to  the  west  of  the 
town.  The  sun's  heat  is  there  more  powerful,  and  the 
coolness  of  the  sea-breeze  hardly  perceptible  ;  but  for  the 
rest  of  the  coast  the  foregoing  table  may  be  taken  as  a  fail- 
standard.  The  maximum  is  reached,  as  a  rule,  at  the 
hour  that  precedes  the  advent  of  the  sea-breeze,  and  is 
of  short  duration.  At  the  very  moment  that  the  land 
begins  to  become  heated,  the  breeze  is  at  once  felt  to 
come  fresh  and  cool  from  the  sea ;  so  that  anything  like 
a  prolonged  existence  of  a  heated  temperature  is  utterly 
impossible.  The  afternoon  temperature  is  cooler  than 
that  of  the  morning,  owing  to  the  above  cause.  By 
reference  to  the  table,  it  will  be  seen  that,  even  in  the 
month  of  June,  when  the  days  are  longest  and  summer 
may  be  said  to  exist,  the  heat  of  the  afternoon  is 
only  8  degrees  greater  than  that  of  the  early  morning 
hour,  while  that  of  July  and  August  is  only  6  degrees 
higher.  The  coldest  hour  of  the  twenty-four  is  •  to  be 
found  at  about  3  in  the  morning,  and  the  warmest 
between  9  and  10  in  the  morning.  The  nights  are  always 
cool,  as,  after  the  hour  of  10  in  the  evening,  the  tem- 
perature gradually  declines  until  the  minimum  is 
reached,  at  the  hour  of  the  early  morning,  as  above 
stated.  At  the  hotels,  all  the  beds  are  made  up  with  a 
pair  of  thick,  woolen  blankets,  with  an  extra  quilt  at  the 
foot  of  the  bed,  to  be  used  in  case  of  need, — an  ad- 
ditional covering  that  is  often  required  by  many.  The 
habitual  coolness  of  the  atmosphere  makes  summer 
clothing  too  light  for  any  comfort,  and  woolen  garments 
are  continually  worn.  Umbrellas  or  sun-shades  are 
never  required,  as,  owing  to  the  sea-breezes,  the  heat  of 
the  sun  is  not  noticed,  nor  is  it  felt.     To  one  coming 


TEMPERATURE.  00 

from  the  eastern  or  middle  regions  of  the  United  St 
where  either  outside  heat  or  overheated  interiors  are  the 
customary  temperatures  that  arc  experienced,  that  of 
this  coast  is  at  first  round  to  be  uncomfortably  cool. 
Especially  is  this  feeling  intensified  by  the  utter  want  of 
overheated  interiors, — omething  that  is  sadly  missed  by 
the  Easterners. 

Europeans  from  the  north  of  Europe  experience  the 
same  discomfort,  when  they  first  arrive  at  the  sea-side 
stations  in  the  south  of  Europe,  in  the  fall  or  winter 
months.  This  has  been  particularly  observed  among 
the  invalids  from  the  north  of  Russia  or  of  Germany, 
who,  although  accustomed  to  a  very  rigorous  climate, 
are,  nevertheless,  unable  to  bear  the  continued  cool 
atmosphere  of  the  Riviera  without  resorting  to  the  box- 
stoves  of  their  own  native  land.  The  Russian  campaigns 
of  1812  fully  demonstrated  the  fact  that  northerly  people 
are  much  more  sensitive  to  the  extremes  of  tempera- 
ture than  those  who  have  lived  in  a  mild  climate.  The 
same  sensations  of  uncomfortable  chilliness  are  expe- 
rienced by  the  Americans  of  the  northern  half  of  the 
States  that  lie  to  the  east  of  the  Rockies,  who  find  their 
way  into  the  mild  and  equable  climates  of  the  highlands 
of  tropical  and  of  semi-tropical  South  America,  where 
60°  F.  is  about  the  constant   temperature. 

The  highest  maxima  of  the  thermometrical  readings 
on  this  coast  are  never  due  to  purely  natural  meteoro- 
logical causes,  bul  to  the  result-  of  the  extensive  forest- 
and  brush-  tires  that  spring  up  from  accidental  causes,  in 
the  mountains  or  oil  the  plains,  during  the  hottest  portion 
of  the  summer,  as  in  those  localities  the  heat  at  that 
season  is  fully  equal  to  that  of  an\  region  possessing  hot 

summers.     The  great  heat  fr these  tires  rises  and  joins 

the  westerlv-sroins  currents  of  overheated  air  that  rise  on 


56  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

the  desert  to  the  east  of  the  mountains.  These  move 
swiftly  toward  the  sea,  where,  by  losing-  a  portion  of 
their  heat,  they  are  enabled  to  descend  to  the  level  of 
the  sea,  where  the  current  of  air,  yet  warmer  than  usual, 
is  as  rapidly  drawn  back  toward  the  land.  That  this 
process  actually  takes  place  there  is  sufficient  and  con- 
vincing- evidence  in  the  fact  that,  during  the  existence 
of  the  fires  to  the  east,  the  westerly  winds  from  off  the 
sea  have  deposited  the  calcined  leaf  of  the  distant  oak 
and  other  mountain  trees  to  the  seaward  of  the  houses 
on  the  coast.  At  those  times  the  heat,  so  artificially 
raised,  is  much  greater  than  the  sea  can  dispel ;  it,  there- 
fore, comes  back  to  the  land  in  the  shape  of  a  warm  sea- 
breeze.  The  lower  currents  are  sufficiently  cooled  in 
their  passage  over  the  ocean-waters,  and  receive  sufficient 
moisture  to  produce  such  a  modification  of  the  other- 
wise hot  condition  of  the  atmosphere  as  to  rob  it  of  any 
excessive  disagreeableness ;  as,  otherwise,  the  sun-heat 
of  the  latitude,  the  great  ground-heat,  and  the  artificial 
heat  additional  from  the  fires  would,  but  for  the  temper- 
ing influence  of  the  sea,  make  it  unendurable.  These 
are  the  conditions  that  give  to  the  temperature  its  great- 
est heat.  The  only  other  additional  source  of  unusual 
heat  is  the  prevalence  of  the  "simoon,"  or  desert-wind, 
which  will  be  described  under  the  heading  of  "Winds." 
Regions  with  a.  constantly  moderate  temperature, 
standing  in  the  neighborhood  of  60°  F.,  have,  as  a  rule, 
a  very  rapid  diminution  of  heat  at  about  the  hour  of 
sunset.  Some  ten  years  ago,  at  my  request,  Dr.  Hearne, 
then  in  charge  of  the  government  signal-  and  weather- 
station at  San  Uiego,  kindly  instituted  a  series  of  detailed 
observations,  to  determine  the  actual  condition  of  the 
atmosphere  at  that  period  of  the  day.  This  consisted  of 
a    thermometer-reading    60    minutes    before    sunset,    at 


58  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

sunset,  and  at  60  minutes  after  sunset,  continued  for  thirty 
days.  These  readings  gave  the  following  respective 
means  for  the  month :  one  hour  before  sunset,  62.6°  F. ; 
at  sunset,  60.1°  F. ;  and  at  one  hour  after,  60.8°  F.  The 
sensible  change  produced  by  the  abstraction  of  the  sun- 
heat  as  the  sun  reaches  the  western  horizon  is  apparently 
much  greater,  as  the  body  is  then  giving  out  instead  of 
receiving  heat ;  a  process  no  more  different  here  than  it 
is  found  to  exist  in  any  locality  with  a  constant  moder- 
ately low  temperature,  and  which  should  be  guarded 
against  in  any  part  of  the  world,  especially  by  the  invalid 
class,  who,  as  a  rule,  have  no  heat  to  part  with.  There 
is  also,  in  common  with  all  localities  with  a  like  temper- 
ature, a  greater  or  less  difference  between  a  shade  totally 
away  from  any  sunshine  and  a  sun-exposure.  This 
difference  is  much  greater  than  that  which  exists  between 
sun  and  shade  in  more  northerly  latitudes,  where  greater 
ranges  of  temperature  are  found  to  exist,  and  where  the 
summers  are  short  and  very  hot.  The  reason  for  this  is 
simple  enough :  in  those  countries  the  atmosphere  is 
heated  as  a  mass,  and  there  is  no  persistent  and  active 
agent,  continually  at  work  to  reduce  the  temperature. 
The  heating  or  cooling  is  there  done  en  masse,  and  there 
is  no  way  of  escaping  the  extreme  changes  or  ranges  of 
temperature  of  either  heat  or  cold. — as  they  may  obtain 
the  mastery.  Here,  however,  the  sun's  heat  and  the 
coolness  of  the  sea-breeze  are  always  striving  for  the 
mastery,  with  the  result  of  a  compromise  between  the 
two  warring  elements,  in  the  shape  of  a  constant  mod- 
erately low  temperature.  It  naturally  follows,  however, 
that,  wherever  either  the  sun  or  the  sea-wind  obtains 
the  undisputed  sway,  there  the  characteristics  of  the 
ruling  element  will  make  itself  the  most  felt ;  it  also 
follows  that  a  person  can,  from  the  very  nature  of  the 


TKMI'EKATURE. 


59 


causes  of  these  opposite  conditions  of  temperature, 
that  medium  which  he  finds  by  experience  to  be  the 
most  congenial  or  conducive  to  health. — this  election 
being  as  much  at  his  choice  as  the  temperature  <>t"  the 
water  which  is  used  for  the  personal  ablutions  or  for 
drinking  purposes. 

Aside  from  the  important  consideration  of  tempera- 
ture, southerly  exposures  have  another  qualification  of  as 
great  and  vital  import, — that  of  facile,  easy,  and  natural 


Grand  Opkra  Hou.sr,  Raymond  Avi  ..  Pa 


ventilation.  Although  the  prevailing  winds  are  from  the 
northwest,  apartments  thai  face  to  the  southward  are 
found  to  have  a  constant  mild  and  agreeable  breeze 
pouring  in  through  the  open  windows  ;  this  air  is  warm, 
genial,  and  invigorating,  and  constantly  renews  itself 
throughout  the  apartment,  and  either  al  nighl  or  in  the 
daj  i-  constantly  can*)  ing  on  its  work  of  ventilation.  The 
air  of  Mich  southerly-exposed  rooms  does  not  become 
overheated  during  the  day,  but,  on  the  contrary,  owing 
to  tlu*  free  and  ever-active  ventilation,  their  air  is  actually 


60  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

fresher  in  the  day,  and,  strange  as  it  may  seem,  even 
actually  warmer  at  night.  The  cause  for  this  greater 
equability  at  night  is  not  so  obscure  as  it  would  at  first 
sight  appear;  the  ground  that  faces  the  buildings  which 
have  an  all-day  sun  exposure  is  naturally  warmer  from 
having  absorbed  heat  all  through  the  day.  This  heat  it 
now  gradually  gives  out  to  the  adjacent  atmosphere 
throughout  the  night ;  whereas,  a  northerly  exposure  lias 
nothing  that  tempers  the  colder  night-air,  and  during  the 
winter  rains  there  is  the  additional  coldness,  due  to  the 
humidity  of  the  ground,  making  a  northerly  exposure 
less  desirable.  In  such  an  exposure  there  is  also  lacking 
the  well-recognized  benefits  to  the  maintenance  of  an 
equable  night-temperature  that  arises  from  wall-heat. 
A  well-located  southerly  exposure  has,  therefore,  all  the 
advantages  that  are  to  be  derived  from  temperature, 
which  has  here  been  shown  to  produce  equability  and 
ventilation,  the  mural  transmission  of  air  being  assisted 
by  the  extreme  dryness  and  heat  of  the  walls  and  by  the 
difference  in  the  temperature  between  the  inner  and  outer 
air,  as  well  as  by  the  breezes,  already  mentioned,  that 
come  through  the  south  windows.  Westerly  exposures 
are  necessarily  colder  in  the  morning  and  hotter  in  the 
afternoon  and  evening.  Easterly  apartments  are  not  so 
objectionable,  as  they  are  warmer  in  the  morning  and  of 
a  more  equable  temperature  through  the  rest  of  the  day, 
as  well  as  the  night,  than  those  facing  to  the  west.  A 
south  exposure  should  always  be  advised  ;  next  to  this,  an 
easterly;  hut  a  patient  should,  under  all  circumstances, 
avoid  any  place  that  is  not  subjected  to  the  influence  of 
the  sun  for  a  good  part  of  the  day. 

From  the  description  already  given  as  to  the  occur- 
rences of  the  maxima  and  minima  of  the  temperature, 
and    of  the   decidedly   short   time    in    which    they  are 


62  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

present,  and  of  the  causes  that  originate  them,  it  will 
be  evident  that  anything-  like  any  great  or  sudden 
change  of  temperature  is  something  of  an  impossibility, 
and  that  such  a  thing  as  a  warm  day  being  followed 
by  a  cold  night,  or  vice  versa,  is  also  something  that 
does  not  occur.  It  is  these  possible  even  conditions  of 
temperatures  and  utter  want  of  variability  that  explain 
the  entire  absence  of  such  diseases  as  cholera  infantum 
or  any  of  the  acute  abdominal  affections,  and  of  the 
like  class  of  chest  diseases.  On  the  immediate  coast 
the  difference  in  temperature  from  month  to  month,  or 
from  one  part  of  the  year  to  another,  is  so  slight  that 
the  coast  may  really  be  said  to  have  no  seasonal  limit  or 
periodical  seasonal  line  of  demarcation  that  is  defined  by 
temperature.  Taking  the  months  that  are  usually 
grouped  into  seasons  elsewhere  would  give  for  the  coast 
the  following  seasonal  means: — 

Spring,  58  degrees;  summer,  68  degrees;  autumn,  62 
degrees;  winter,  54  degrees.  Many  years'  observation 
gives  the  mean  annual  temperature  as  60.5  degrees,  the 
mean  annual  maximum  as  67  degrees,  and  the  mean 
annual  minimum  as  53  degrees.  All  the  above  remarks 
on  temperature  are  for  the  coast  climate. 

The  following  table  will  give  a  general  idea  of  the 
comparative  difference  between  the  temperature  of  the 
sea-shores,  inland  valleys,  and  the  desert.  Monthly  or 
yearly  means  have  always  been  something  obscure,  un- 
explaining,  indefinite ;  as  places  with  the  same  annual 
mean  may  have  an  entirely  different  climate,  and  a  lo- 
cality may  have  a  much  hotter  monthly  day-temperature 
than  one  that  gives  a  much  higher  monthly  mean ;  so 
that  a  monthly  mean  is  no  index  of  what  the  day-  or 
night-  temperature  may  or  may  not  have  been.  Ranges 
of  temperature  are  fully  as  deceptive  in  their  information. 


TEMPERATURE. 


63 


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il  Observed. 


64  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

As  an  example:  San  Diego  on  one  year  had,  on  one 
day,  owing  to  artificial  causes,  a  temperature  above  90 
degrees,  it  being  the  only  time  during  the  year  when 
it  reached  that  point;  and  in  many  years  it  is  only  seen 
at  75  degrees  once  or  twice  in  June,  the  same  being 
said  of  85  degrees  in  July  and  of  80  degrees  in  August 
or  September.  The  table  is  of  interest,  however,  as  it 
shows  the  difference  between  the  temperature  of  Santa 
Cruz,  in  Middle  California,  on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
three  other  sea-side  localities  on  the  Channel  shores  of 
Southern  California,  and  the  annual  distribution  of  heat 
on  the  coast,  inland  valleys,  and  desert.  On  the  desert 
it  must  be  observed  that  the  nights,  even  in  summer,  are 
at  times  exceedingly  cold,  and  at  the  same  season  the 
days  are  always  of  extreme  heat,  as  it  is  a  region  of  the 
most  decided  extremes  at  any  season.  The  monthly 
mean,  therefore,  only  shows  that  one  month  has  been 
colder  than  another,  without  giving  any  idea  of  the  actual 
state  of  the  temperature  at  any  time,  or  of  the  extreme 
range  that  is  there  experienced  in  the  twenty-four  hours 
in  winter, — a  range  that  is  the  analogue  of  the  range 
between  night  and  day  in  the  Sahara  of  Northern  Africa. 
This  portion  of  the  subject  will  be  further  explained 
under  the  heading  of  the  "Valley  Temperature." 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  table  is  not  more  defi- 
nite, especially  in  reference  to  the  temperature  of  the  in- 
terior and  that  of  the  desert, — the  required  material  and 
data  not  being  procurable.  For  instance,  nothing  in  the 
table  would  suggest  that  in  the  desert,  at  the  Yuma  Sta- 
tion, in  1880,  there  were  one  hundred  and  eighteen  days  in 
which  the  temperature  exceeded  100  degrees  and  twenty- 
eight  days  on  which  it  exceeded  110  degrees;  or  of  the 
extreme  great  range  that  may  and  does  occur  in  the 
course  of  twenty-four  hours  between  day  and  night.     For 


TKMrEKATURE. 


65 


the  first  year  in  which  regular  observations  were  made 

by  the  United  States  Signal  Service,  at  Sail  Diego,  the 
following  were  the  minimum  and  maximum  ranges  of 
temperature  that  were  registered.  The  same  data  for 
1886  are  subjoined  for  the  station  of  Santa  Barbara  : — 

Maxima,  Minima,  and  Ranges  op  Temperati  be  at  Ban  Diego,  Califor- 
nia, I'm:  the  Two  Last  Months  op  1871  and  the  Ten  Following 
.Months  OP  1872. 

(  U.  8.  Signal  Station  Observations.) 


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37 

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25 

27 

31 

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28 

17 

20 

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26 

is 

23 

23 

27 

23 

11 

15 

is 

31 

8 

5 

5 

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6 

3 

5 

7 

S 

6 

6 

7 

Maxima.    Minima,    and    Ranges   op  Temperature   at  Santa    Barbara, 
California,  fob  the  Twelve  Months  op  the  Yeab 
[From  the  Observation  of  Mr.  11.  D.  Vail,  of  Santa  Barbara.) 


>. 

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From  what  has  been  said  in  relation  to  the  ranges, 
it  will  be  remembered  that  the  days  are  of  a  uniformly 
gradually  increasing  warmth  on  the  sea-side  and  inland 


66 


SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 


stations  from  sunrise  up  to  the  advent  of  the  sea-breeze, 
or  from  thence  on  to  the  noon  hour,  at  which  time 
the  maximum   temperature  is  registered,  and  that  the 


nights  are  of  a  uniform  coolness.  It  thus  comes  that,  in 
1886,  on  the  Channel  coast,  there  were  only  13  nights 
on  which  the  thermometer  did  not  fall  below  60  degrees; 


TEMPERATURE.  61 

of  these,  1  was  in   January.  2  in  February,  3  in  July. 

6  in  August,  and  1  in  September.  Of  the  13  nights, 
on  only  3  did  it  reach  62  degrees;  <s  out  of  the  13  the 
mercury  not  rising  above  (in  degrees.  The  benefits  of 
such  a  night-temperature  in  inducing  or  allowing  sound, 
recuperative  rest  is  something  that  will  be  fully  appre- 
ciated by  all  physicians.  It  also  furnishes  ample  satis- 
factory reasons  for  the  entire  exemption  that  is  enjoyed 
by  this  southern  coast  from  all  active  intestinal  or 
thoracic  diseases,  and  why  invalids  or  the  enfeebled 
undergo  such  rapid  and  visible  recuperation. 

The  following  summary  of  temperature  statistics  is 
compiled  from  the  government  records  of  the  observa- 
tions taken  at  San  Diego,  and  can  be  taken  as  illustrative 
of  the  climate  of  the  Channel  coast.  It  covers  a  period 
of  ten  years, — 187(5-1885,  both  years  inclusive.  The 
compilation  was  made  by  Mayor  Douglas  Gunn,  by 
whose  permission  it  is  here  used  : — 

During  these  ten  years,  embracing  3653  days,  their 
were  3533  days  on  which  the  mercury  did  not  rise  above 
80  degrees.  The  remaining  120  days  were  distributed 
as  follows:  In  1876,8  days;  in  1877,  12  days;  in  1878, 
10  days;   in    1879,  19  days;   in    1880,9  days;   in  1881, 

7  days;  in  1882,  4  days;  in  L883,  23  days;  in  1884, 
13  days;  in  1885,  15  days.  Only  one  hundred  and 
twenty  days  in  ten  years  in  which  the  tliermometer 
marJced  a  higher  temperaturi  than  so  degree  -. 

But  the  showing  is  still  more  remarkable.  Of  the 
total  number  of  3653  days,  there  were  bul  forty-( 
days  in  which  the  thermometer  rose  above  s~>  di 
but  twenty-tico  days  on  which  it  rose  above  90  degrees, 
but  four  days  on  which  it  rose  above  95  degrees,  and 
only  one  day  on  which  it  rose  above  100  degrees.  The 
highest   temperature   recorded  during   the    whole  period 


68  SOUTHERN"    CALIFORNIA. 

often  years  was  101  degrees,  on  the  23d  day  of  Septem- 
ber, 1883. 

During-  these  ten  years  there  were  never  more  than 
two  days  in  any  one  month  on  which  the  mercury  rose 
as  high  as  85  degrees,  except  June,  1877,  4  days;  Sep- 
tember, 1878,  5  days;  June,  1879,  3  days;  September, 
1879,  4  days;  October,  1879,  6  days;  and  September, 
1883,  4  days. 

On  not  a  single  day  during  the  ten  years  did  any 
unusual  warmth  continue  more  than  a  few  hours,  the 
li'ujliest  minimum  for  any  day  being  only  70  degrees,  on 
five  of  the  3653  days. 

From  the  above  it  will  be  evident  that  exhaustive 
heated  terms  do  not  occur  on  this  coast;  the  summary  in 
regard  to  cold  for  the  same  period  of  ten  years  shows  an 
equal  tendency  toward  equability,  as  out  of  the  same 
3653  days  there  were  3560  days  on  which  the  mercury 
did  not  fall  below  40  degrees.  Of  the  remaining  93 
days,  there  were  only  six  on  which  the  temperature  fell 
below  35  degrees,  and  only  two  on  which  it  registered  as 
low  as  32  degrees,  and  none  on  which  it  fell  below  that 
point.  On  no  day  did  the  mercury  remain  below  40 
degrees  more  than  one  or  two  hours,  and  this  in  the 
period  between  midnight  and  daylight,  the  lowest  maxi- 
mum for  any  day  being  52  degrees,  on  four  of  the  3653 
days. 

The  next  table  is  a  comparative  exhibit  of  the 
Channel-coast  temperature,  in  comparison  with  that  of 
other  points  in  the  United  States,  showing  the  highest 
and  lowest  temperatures  that  were  registered  at  the 
different  stations  within  a  given  number  of  years.  It 
will  be  well  to  explain  that  wherever  the  terms  "  maxi- 
mum," "minimum,"  "highest,"  and  "lowest"  are  used, 
they  refer  only  to  the  readings  of  the  self-registering 


TEMPERATURE. 


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70 


SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 


thermometer, — that  being  the  actual  extreme  temperature 
that  was  readied  in  the  twenty-four  hours,  and  not  the 
mere  temperature  reached  at  the  regular  observation 
hour  or  at  any  other  specified  time.  The  preceding  table, 
taking  in  the  period  from  1872  to  1883,  taken  from 
the  annual  report  of  the  Chief  Signal  Officer,  shows  the 
highest  and  lowest  temperatures  recorded  since  the 
opening  of  stations  of  the  Signal  Service  at  the  points 
named,  up  to  and  including  the  year  1883. 


TEMPERATURE    OF    THE    SEA-WATER 

The  following  table  of  the  temperature  of  the  sea- 
water  at  San  Diego  and  at  Santa  Barbara,  showing  the 
equable  temperature  of  the  Channel  waters  and  the 
comparative  temperature  of  the  ocean  waters  on  the 
shores  of  Santa  Cruz,  on  the  ocean,  which  lies  a  short 
distance  to  the  south  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  in  Middle 
California,  as  well  as  with  the  temperature  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  at  Newport,  B.  L,  will  give  the  reader  a  compre- 
hensive idea  of  the  great  equalizing  element  that  is  the 
cause  of  the  wonderfully  equable  climate  for  which  this 
part  of  California  is  so  justly  celebrated,  besides  furnish- 
ing interesting  comparative  information.  The  table  was 
compiled  by  Dr.  Walter  Lindley,  of  Los  Angeles : — 


Comparative  Temperature 

of  Sea-Water. 

>> 

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Santa  Barbara  Channel  Waters. 

60 

61 

61' 

61 

61 

62 

64 

65 

66 

63 

61 

60 

52 

58 

52 

67 

57 

58 

60 

60 

60 

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32 

82 

34 

43 

52 

62 

66 

70 

65 

58 

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36 

34 

34 

88 

59 

67 

70 

69 

52 

47 

39 

Atlantic  at  Charleston,  S.  C.   .   . 

52 

52 

60 

67 

75 

79 

85 

84 

7!) 

72 

64 

54 

71 


72  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

The  two  last  lines  of  the  comparative  table  arc  added 
to  exhibit  the  temperature  of  the  Atlantic  in  more  south- 
erly latitudes  than  is  shown  in  Lindley's  table.  Charles- 
ton, in  South  Carolina,  is  on  the  same  latitude  as  San 
Diego,  in  California,  and  the  figures  given  indicate  the 
means.  The  range  is  at  times  considerable  for  an  ocean 
water.  In  New  York  the  range  is  much  greater,  the 
highest  temperature  reached  at  the  latter  locality  at 
fifteen  feet  below  the  surface  during  the  year  being 
75°  F.  and  the  lowest  30°  F. ;  at  the  Charleston  station 
the  highest  being  87°  F.  and  the  lowest  49°  F.  On  the 
California  coast  the  water-temperature  has  but  a  very 
slight  variation,  even  for  the  year,  and  the  figures  in 
the  fore»oim>-  table  for  the  Channel  and  for  Santa  Cruz 
need  not  be  considered  as  the  mean,  as  it  is  intended  for 
the  stations  on  Atlantic  borders ;  but  they  may  be  taken 
for  the  actual  temperature,  the  transition  from  its  mini- 
mum of  60  degrees  to  the  maximum  of  65  degrees  being 
made  with  a  slow  and  gradual  regularity.  There  is 
simply  a  gradual  diminution  of  warmth  in  the  waters 
from  the  middle  of  September  to  the  middle  of  December, 
and  as  gradual  an  increase  from  the  middle  of  January 
to  September.  In  the  Bay  of  New  York  the  water  may, 
and  often  does,  reach  a  lower  temperature  during  the 
month  of  June  than  is  experienced  at  any  time  in  the 
winter  season  on  the  California  coast,  although  it  may 
exceed  the  Pacific  waters  by  12  degrees  before  the  end 
of  the  same  month.  The  remarkable  equability  of  the 
Channel  waters  will  be  more  appreciated  if  we  look  to 
the  opposite  angle  of  the  United  States — at  Key  West, 
Florida — where  its  latitude  and  the  proximity  of  the 
Gulf  Stream  would  induce  a  belief  that  an  unusual 
equability  existed ;  such  a  condition  does  not,  however, 
exist ;  in  January  it  may  fluctuate  between  60  degrees 


TEMPERATURE   OF   THE    VALLEYS. 


73 


and  70  degrees,  and  in  June  between  81  degrees  and  92 
degrees,  while  in  March  it  may  go  from  65  degrees  to 
82  decrees.  It  can  easily  be  understood  how  sea-  and 
surf-  bathing  is  practiced  at  all  seasons  on  the  Southern 
California  coast. 

TEMPERATURE  OF  THE  VALLEYS. 

Further  inland  the  temperature  changes.  It  partakes 
more  of  the  land  variability  and  is  less  influenced  by 
the  sea.  The  following  table  of  comparative  thermomel  ric 
readings  for  the  early  morning  hour  and  the  afternoon, 
taken  at  the  sea-shore  and  in  the  interior,  shows  that  on 
the  coast  the  mornings  are  warmer  and  the  afternoons 
cooler  than  in  the  foot-hills,  denoting  colder  nights  and 
warmer  days  inland: — 

Inland  and  Coast  Temperatures  Compared. 


Temperature. 


January.     February.       March.      December. 


Los  Angeles,  7  a.m. 
San  Diego,  7  a.m.  . 
Los  Angeles,  3  p.m. 
San  Diego,  3  p.m.  . 


46.5 
47.5 
65.2 
COO 


44.5  40.7 

47.1  51.7 

58  1  70.7 

57.7  62  -1 


46.4 
48.9 
61  8 
80.5 


The  city  of  Los  Angeles  is  situated  in  the  San 
Gabriel  Valley.  It  is  about  20  miles  from  the  ocean 
and  at  an  elevation  of  300  feel  above  sea-level.  Ets 
highest  temperature  occurs  just  before  the  advent  of  the 
sea-breeze,  which  is  here  some  two  hours  later  than  at 
San  DieffO.  As  these  hours  are  those  in  which  the  8UTJ 
approaches  its  meridian,  that  part  of  the  day  is  conse- 
quently much  warmer  than  on  the  COast,  and  during  these 
hours  the  ground  becomes  much  more  heated. — a  pr< 
that  later  assists  in  keeping  up  a  higher  temperature, 


74 


SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 


even  after  the  arrival  of  the  sca-breczc.  The  nights — 
especially  the  latter  part — are  always  cool  and  refreshing, 
and  the  minimum  temperature  is  always  reached  during 
the  early  morning-  hour.  The  following-  table  exhibits 
the  monthly  means  of  four  daily  observations,  and  may 
be  taken  as  a  fair  representation  of  the  climate  that  is 
met  in  the  valleys  at  the  base  of  the  foot-hills : — 

Monthly  Mean  Temperature  at  Los  Angeles,  Twenty  Miles  Inland. 
(From  Private  Observations  by  Mr.  Broderick.) 


>> 

3 
1 

u 
a 

B 

8 

< 

s 

*-> 

CO 

U 

33 
S 

0) 

03 

0) 

,a 
o 

o 

O 

1 

> 

0 

= 

O 

0 

40 
55 
61 
50 

41 
56 
64 
48 

40 
60 
69 
54 

53 
66 
73 
57 

56 
65 
71 
60 

61 
70 
77 
64 

66 
74 
80 
67 

05 
75 
81 
69 

61 
75 
85 
67 

59 
74 
79 
62 

49 
67 
69 
57 

47 

9  A.M 

57 

m 

51 

The  effects  of  temperature  have  been  mostly  studied 
by  climatologists  in  the  conditions  that  they  are  encoun- 
tered in  the  Eastern  States  or  in  Europe,  where  the 
minimum  for  the  twenty-four  hours  is  as  liable  to  occur 
at  high  noon  as  soon  after  midnight.  The  extent  of  the 
thermometric  range,  under  such  conditions,  is  a  matter  of 
great  moment.  Here,  however,  the  conditions  are  en- 
tirely different;  the  maxima  and  minima  arrive  at  stated 
hours,  and  can  be  looked  forward  to  with  certainty  to 
appear,  each  at  its  appointed  hour  of  the  twenty-four. 
Here,  in  the  interior  plains  and  valleys,  the  maximum 
comes  in  the  middle  of  the  forenoon  and  the  minimum 
soon  after  midnight;  so  that  were  the  range  even  greater 
than  it  is  found  in  some  very  variable  localities,  the 
manner  of  its  occurrence  and  its  regularly-known  time 
of  arrival  robs  it  of  its  dangerous  after-effects,  that  are 
such  a  prolific  source  of  disease  and  death  elsewhere. 


By  penniulon  of 

Southern  1'iuilic  Company 


76 


SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 


An  illustration  will  help  to  make  this  point  clearer:  To 
the  north  of  the  San  Fernando  Mountains  the  Southern 
Pacific  Railroad  descends  into  a  large  valley  formed  by 
the  coast  range  and  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains;  in 
the  summer  the  heat  is  simply  infernal  during  the  day, 
but  at  night  the  coolness  is  most  agreeable.  In  journeying 
from  San  Diego  to  San  Francisco  I  have  always  so  timed 
my  departure  so  as  to  pass  the  night  instead  of  the  day 
in  the  valley,  where,  in  spite  of  its  more  than  tropical 
heat  of  the  day,  such  a  thing  as  a  hot  night  is  unknown. 
(With  all  its  great  heat  and  cool  nights,  this  valley,  over 
300  miles  in  extent,  enjoys  the  best  of  health,  and  cases 
of  heat-exhaustion,  sun-stroke,  or  hydrophobia  are  un- 
known.) The  following  table  of  temperatures  is  from 
the  United  States  Signal  Service  tables  taken  at  Los 
Angeles,  and  exhibits  the  mean  monthly  maximum  and 
minimum  temperature  for  one  year: — 


Table  of 

Tempekattjres  at  Los  Asgeles 

3 
a 

1-5 

rt 

■a 

fa 

$3 

s 

3 

< 

1-5 

-t-= 
< 

= 

s 

ft 

a 

u 

— 

0 

w 

O 

S 

3 
> 
O 
"A 

g 

a 
o 
o 

Monthly 

mean  .   • 

54  1 

54.6 

55.8 

58.0 

62.0 

64.7 

71.1 

70.0 

69.8 

63.4 

62.0 

55.3 

Maximum 
for  month 

83.0 

87.0 

93.0 

80.0 

86.0 

81.0 

72.0 

71.0 

76.0 

80.0 

89.0 

81.0 

Minimum 

for  month 

55.0 

56.0 

52.0 

43.0 

45.0 

36.5 

37.0 

41.0 

41.0 

41.5 

47  0 

47.0 

Of  the  above,  the  mercury  only  reached  as  low  as 
37  degrees  twice  in  January;  38  degrees  twice ;  between 
43  degrees  and  45  degrees  on  ten  days;  from  46  degrees 
to  50  degrees  on  eleven  days,  and  from  51  degrees  to 
53  degrees  on  five  days.  These  low  temperatures,  it  has 
already  been  explained,  occur  after  midnight,  while  on 
two   days   the   maximum   was   58  degrees;    60    degrees 


TEMPERATURE    OP    THE    VALLEYS.  77 

once;  twice  61  degrees;  twice  66  degrees;  three  times 
62  degrees;  63  degrees  on  six  days;  on  four  days  64 
degrees;  on  lour  days  65  degrees;  on  three  days,  (>7 
degrees;  once  68  degrees;  twice  (>!)  degrees,  and  once 
72  degrees.  On  the  day  of  the  highest  maximum  the 
minimum  was  51  degrees;  in  June  tin-  highest  reading 
reached  on  fourteen  days  was  between  (i!)  degrees  and 
75  degrees;  one  day  ai  80  degrees,  and  only  once  81 
degrees;  in  July  eleven  times  it  went  to  between  76 
degrees  and  80  degrees;  from  81  degrees  to  85  degrees 
on  eleven  other  days;  on  five  days  from  86  degrees  to 
90  degrees,  and  5)1  degrees,  92  degrees,  93  degrees  each 
on  one  day.  on  which  days  the  minimum  was  70  degri 
70  degrees,  and  67  degrees,  respectively. 

The  above  detailed  explanation  is  made  to  show  that 
the  extremes  of  temperature  are  nol  of -frequent  occur- 
rence; and  when  it  is  remembered  that  the  maximum  is 
only  reached  before  the  advent  of  the  sea-breeze,  or  soon 
thereafter,  after  which  the  temperature  becomes  quite 
agreeable,  and  that  the  nights  are  always  cool,  it  will  be 
easy  to  understand  why  extremes  in  California  are  en- 
tirely different  in  their  effects,  or  so  much  more  endurable 
than  elsewhere.  I  [igh  California  temperatures  are  unique 
in  their  immunity  from  evil  results;  a  temperature  which 
in  St.  Louis  or  New  ^k  ork  is  attended  by  great  prostra- 
tion and  an  excessive  mortality  is.  in  California,  a  matter 
of  hut  little  concern,  and  with  no  resulting  detriment  to 
health  or  life.  I  have  walked  about  the  streets  of  Los 
Angeles  in  an  atmosphere  where  it  vvas  108  degrees  in 
the  shade,  the  great  heat  being  due  to  surrounding 
brush-fires  on  the  neighboring  hills  and  plains,  and  have 
seen  business  and  labor  go  OH  without  interruption. 
ladies  and  children  shopping, — all  oblivious  of  the  really 
unusually  extreme  high   temperature  but   for  the  ther- 


78  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

mometrical  registry.  The  greater  heat  is  noticed,  but  the 
constitutional  effects  would  never  denote  its  extreme 
range.  Those  hot,  enervating  days  and  sweltering,  rest- 
less nights,  the  accompaniments  of  the  summers  of  the 
great  river-valleys  of  the  East  and  West,  are  no  part  of 
California's  climatology. 

TEMPERATURE  OF  THE  MOUNTAINS. 

The  varying  altitudes  give  a  number  of  greatly  dif- 
fering temperature-belts,  even  in  June,  from  the  semi- 
tropic  climate  of  the  foot-hills  to  snow  and  Alpine 
weather.  It  is  only  a  short  journey,  as  snow  rests  on 
some  of  the  higher  mountain-crests  all  the  spring  and 
into  the  summer.  On  medium  elevations  the  seasonal 
temperature  greatly  resembles  that  of  the  highlands  of 
New  England,  the  atmosphere  being  only  drier;  the 
fruits  and  other  productions  are  also  the  same  as  those 
of  the  far  East.  Some  ten  years  ago,  on  a  Christmas,  I 
left  San  Diego,  with  its  balmy  air,  bright  orange-groves, 
flowers,  and  semi-tropic  vegetation,  to  attend  some 
wounded  men  who  had  been  injured  in  an  affray  in  a 
mining-camp  on  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  mountains,  at 
an  elevation  of  3000  feet ;  very  cold  winds  were  encount- 
ered coming  from  the  northeast ;  a  little  higher,  and 
snow  was  reached.  Arriving  at  the  summit  of  the  pass, 
at  4500  feet,  the  village  was  found  enshrouded  in  snow 
and  ice ;  tubs  of  water,  pumps,  and  ponds  had  all  been 
frozen  solid ;  the  sharp  snapping  and  loud  cracking  of 
starting-boards  was  to  be  heard  on  every  hand,  and  a  cold 
blast,  filled  with  finely-pulverized  snow,  was  sweeping 
through  the  street  that  few  cared  to  face  ;  a  short  descent 
toward  the  east  and  the  change  was  very  suddenly  made 
into  a  milder  atmospere ;  at  the  camp,  some  distance 
down,  it  was  summer — even  warmer  than  at  San  Diego. 


: '  «-,.-•• 


4 


K  ■ 


Baton  Canton.    Proposes  Electric  Road  i"  rtti  Smacir  or  Moukt  Wasov, 

rear  Pasadena 

(Br  i>«riniuiun  uf  llm  "California  Illuitr»Ud  Muuiar") 


80  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

This  extreme  weather  at  that  altitude  is  not  of  frequent 
occurrence,  as  I  have  only  known  it  to  happen  once 
during  the  eighteen  years  that  I  have  resided  here.  Cold 
weather,  snow,  and  ice  descend  much  lower  on*  the  west- 
ern than  on  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  mountains.  As  a 
rule,  the  summers  are  cool  and  the  winters  mild  and  of 
short  duration,  as  the  sea-breeze  (unless  overcome  by 
some  great  disturbance  of  the  upper  aerial  currents,  as 
was  the  case  in  the  winter  incident  just  mentioned), 
that  has  traveled  over  the  warm  ground  of  the  coast  and 
foot-hills,  sweeps  through  these  passes  and  mountain- 
crests  on  its  way  to  supply  the  demands  of  the  desert. 
At  Campo,  in  the  mountains,  in  1877-78,  the  Signal 
Service  registered  13  degrees  one  night  and  20  degrees 
on  another  in  January,  fifteen  of  the  others  being  above 
32  degrees,  with  47  degrees  for  the  coldest  day ;  range 
for  same  month  being  56  degrees  and  of  65  degrees  for 
August,  with  eighteen  nights  in  August  when  it  fell 
below  47  degrees,  four  of  which  were  below  40  degrees, 
one  being  as  low  as  35  degrees. 

DESERT    TEMPERATURES. 

The  desert  atmosphere  is  to  be  found  in  its  greatest 
degree  of  heat  on  the  west  side  of  its  extent,  and  imme- 
diately under  the  mountains  that  form  its  western  bound- 
aries. The  heat  at  these  points  at  times  is  more  than 
terrific,  although,  singularly,  not  in  any  degree  as  a 
temperature  of  90  degrees  is  in  New  York ;  it  is  simply 
a  burning  heat,  and  no  more.  Temperatures  of  140  de- 
grees and  over  have  been  observed  here.  The  stations 
of  Indio  and  Mammoth  Tank,  whose  temperatures  have 
been  given  in  a  previous  page,  are  not  in  the  region  of 
this  great  heat,  as  they  are  on  the  railroad  that  crosses 
the  desert  from  its  southeasterly  corner  to  its  northwest- 


DESERT   TEMPERATURES. 


M 


erly,  where  the  nap  in  the  lower  range  of  the  hills  assists 
in  materially  lowering  the  temperature,  so  that  the  sta- 
tions or  the  road  arc  not  in  the  hottest  portions.  The 
stations  arc  built  with  a  double  roof,  with  an  ample  open 
and  free  space  between  the  two  so  as  to  protect  the  in- 
terior from  the  great  heat  of  the  sun.  At  Mojave,  a 
Southern  Pacific  Railroad  junction  on  the  northern 
boundaries  of  Southern  California,  the  arid  air  of  the 


— i 


f\ 


r\ 


"\ 


.O 


•r  a 


•••-:•-- 


■    — ' 


The  Beach  link  of  an  amikm  Laki   in  mi  Desert. 


desert  of  the  Mojave  is  fully  experienced,  the  means  for 
June,  July.  August,  and  September  being,  respectively, 
73,  sl .  s">.  and  93.9  degrees,  with  a  maximum  of  1 1-')  de- 
grees and  a  minimum  of  1(>  degrees — these  being;  for  the 

year  1886.  This  station  is  at  an  elevation  of  2751  led. 
and  situated  on  the  summit  of  the  pa^s  in  the  mountain 
chain  that  stretches  across  from  east  to  west  to  divide 
Southern   from   Middle   California.       This   bleak,    wind- 


82  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

swept,  extreme-temperatured  locality  has  an  annual  moan 
of  66  degrees,  which  is  only  mentioned  to  show  how 
useless  the  information  amounts  to  that  is  conveyed  by 
the  term  "  annual  mean."  Jerusalem,  Malta,  Corfu,  and 
Palermo  have  about  such  a  mean,  but  half  an  hour's 
stay  at  Mojave  will  convince  the  greatest  stickler  in  favor 
of  the  term  "  annual  mean  "  that  the  "  mean  "  of  several 
places  may  be  alike,  but  that  there  the  analogy  stops ;  it 
may  even  do  so  in  every  other  particular,  even  down  to 
the  temperature,  constant,  daily,  or  that  of  night. 

In  a  communication  in  reference  to  the  high  tempera- 
ture of  the  Colorado  Desert,  made  to  the  writer  by 
Lieutenant  W.  A.  Glassford,  of  the  Signal  Service,  an 
accomplished  meteorologist  who  has  carefully  investi- 
gated the  peculiar  conditions  of  the  Pacific-coast  climate, 
he  says :  "  There  is  one  subject,  however,  that  I  should 
like  to  see  you  or  Dr.  Widney  discuss,  and  that  is  the 
reason  why  the  heated  places,  like  Yuma,  for  instance, 
or  any  of  the  desert  places,  do  not  cause  discomfort  in 
the  heat  running  up  to  120  degrees  or  thereabouts.  It 
is  usually  laid  to  dryness ;  in  fact,  I  have,  in  a  paper, 
assigned  this  cause,  but  it  does  not  go  to  the  bottom  of 
the  matter,  as  I  would  like,  from  a  physical  point  of  view, 
such  as  a  physician  can  do.  As  I  said,  it  is  the  sensible 
or  wet-bulb  thermometer  that  affects  the  system,  and  I 
found  the  average  wet  bulb  at  Yuma,  at  the  hottest  time 
of  the  day,  to  be  about  30  degrees  below  the  exposed, 
or,  with  a  temperature  of  115  degrees,  the  sensible  was 
85  degrees.  At  New  York,  on  the  contrary,  the  sensible 
or  wet-bulb  temperature  was,  in  heated  periods,  above 
that  of  Yuma." 

Yuma  is  situated  on  the  banks  of  the  Colorado  River 
and  on  the  edge  of  the  desert,  and,  although  the  hottest 
place  in  summer  that  there  is  in  the  United  States,  it  is 


DESERT   TEMPERATURES. 

froo  from  any  <>f  the  diseases  or  accidents  resulting  from 
heat.  My  friend,  Dr.  R.  J.  Gregg,  in  speaking  of  this 
subject,  says  that  the  proposition  thai  malaria  is  a  prod- 
uct of  great  heat  and  soil-moisture  combined  does  not 
hold  good  as  to  Southern  California,  as  he  has  seen  p<  r- 
sonally,  on  the  low  lands  near  the  mouth  of  the  ( lolorado, 
a  heal  thai  made  the  low,  marshy  lands  fume,  where  the 
natives  merely  make  a  hole  in  the  moisl  ground  with 
their  toe,  insert  a  grain  of  corn  or  any  other  seed,  and, 


a  Mikage  ozs   i  u  i    Desert. 

presto!  the  plant  appears  in  a  marvelousl)  short  space 
of  time,  and  where  the  combined  heal  and  moisture 
causes  the  flax  to  attain  such  a  size  thai  he  has  seen 
horses  tethered  to  one  of  the  stalks;  and  yet,  with  all 
this  combination  of  greal  heal  and  swamp-moisture, 
rapid  growth  of  vegetation  and  necessary  consequent 
decay,  lie  tells  the  writer  that  he  knows  of  no  region  so 
remarkabl)  free  from  either  intermittent,  continued,  or 
paludal  fevers.  The  same  observations  have  been  practi- 
cally made  to  the  writer  bj  his  classmate,  Dr.  I ..  \  .  Loring, 


84  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

and  Dr.  Semig  and  Dr.  Heed,  all  of  the  U.  S.  Army,  and 
all  of  whom  have  served  at  the  army-post  at  Yuma. 

SUMMARY    OF    THE    SUBJECT    OF    TEMPERATURE. 

This  part  of  the  snhject  has  been  purposely  long 
dwelt  upon  and  fully  explained  in  detail,  as  temperature 
may  really  he  taken  as  the  fundamental  stone  of  medical 
climatology.  It  is  temperature  that  has  kept  civilization 
within  certain  geographical  limits;  it  is  temperature — 
and  that  alone — that  allows  of  free  ventilation,  which 
is  the  real  and  only  safeguard  against  phthisis.  The  re- 
searches of  Hirsch,  Bennet,  Lomhard,  Mailer,  Schroter, 
Kuchenmeister,  Lindsay,  Kolb,  and  others  have  demon- 
strated the  fact  that  occupations  such  as  are  in-doors, 
in  proportion  to  the  impediments  that  they  place  to 
ventilation,  and  in  proportion  that  they  facilitate  the 
breathing  of  a  vitiated  air  by  previous  respiration,  just 
in  such  proportion  they  tend  to  develop  or  to  produce 
phthisis  in  the  human  subject. 

Perfect  ventilation  is  impossible  where  the  rigor 
of  the  climate  and  sedentary  occupation  require  that 
all  of  the  cold,  external  air  be  excluded  and  all  of  the 
internal  warmth  of  the  rooms  be  retained,  that  the 
operatives  may  be  in  temporary  comfort ;  it  is  this 
that  explains  the  presence  of  phthisis  in  the  Swiss  or 
Bavarian  Alps,  where  it  exists  in  proportion  to  the 
number  of  their  people  who  are  engaged  in  confining, 
industrial  pursuits ;  it  is  this  same  confinement  and 
consequent  lack  of  ventilation  that  has  caused  so  much 
consumption  in  the  great  mass  of  people  congregated 
in  our  large  industrial  centres,  where  it  is  further  prop- 
agated by  the  infectious  nature  of  the  disease,  where 
the  population  have  to  sleep  in  close  rooms,  live  in  badly- 
ventilated  apartments,  sit  in    unventilated   churches  or 


Bv  permMon  of 

Southern  Pacific  Comptnj  , 


Si   I   n  I  -   A  i     \Mi  N'KAi:   Vl   MA 


86  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

schools,  work  in  close  offices  or  shops, — there  phthisis 
can  always  be  looked  for,  regardless  of  elevation,  atmos- 
pheric humidity,  amount  of  rains,  fogs,  thunder-storms, 
or  any  other  atmospheric  condition.  On  the  other  hand, 
all  of  the  localities  that  have  been  celebrated  for  their 
peculiar  exemption  from  phthisis  will  all  be  found  to  owe 
the  immunity  to  an  equable  temperature,  an  atmospheric 
condition  that  allows  of  free  and  constant  ventilation  at 
all  times  and  under  any  and  all  circumstances ;  there 
phthisis  will  not  be  found  either  at  sea-level  or  at  10,000 
feet  elevation,  be  it  a  dry  or  a  moist  air,  a  compressed  or 
a  rarefied  air. 

This  has  ample  verification  on  the  sea-shores  of 
California  at  sea-level  and  on  the  high  plateaus  of  the 
Mexican,  Colombian,  and  Peruvian  mountains,  in  either 
of  which  countries  the  people  carry  the  natural  and 
unavoidable  ventilation  to  such  a  point  that  they  may 
literally  be  said  to  live  and  sleep  out  of  doors.  This 
solution  has  always  appeared  very  simple  to  me  with- 
out searching  for  any  other  specific  cause,  either  in  the 
barometric  pressure,  atmospheric  constituents  at  dif- 
ferent levels,  amount  of  sunshine,  rain-fall  or  fog;  as  it 
is  a  well-established  fact  that  many  consumptives  have 
fully  recovered  by  simply  making  a  change  to  an  out-of- 
door  life  from  their  former  confining  and  free-air-pro- 
hibiting occupation.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  a  well- 
known  fact  that  it  often  happens  that,  where  persons 
have  given  up  an  out-of-door  life  for  one  of  confine- 
ment, phthisis  has  rapidly  developed.  Arab  or  Egyptian 
prisoners,  the  imprisoned  inmates  of  Eastern  harems,  the 
freshly-imported  slave  from  the  south  to  the  north  of 
Africa,  taken  from  his  free,  out-of-door  life  to  live  in 
houses,  and  the  Labrador  fishermen  who  leave  their  well- 
ventilated  spruce  huts  for  modern,  close  houses  on  the 


SUMMARY    OF    THE    SUBJECT    OF    TEMPERATURE.  87 

St.  Lawrence,  or  the  savage  who  gives  up  his  nomadic 
life  for   civilized  homes,  are  all   eloquent  examples  of 

what  the  want  of  a  free  and  constant  ventilation  will  do 
for  mankind. 

To  fully  carry  out  that  perfect  ventilation  which  is 
an  imperative  necessity  to  health  and  life,  the  nature 
of  the  climate  must  be  such  as  will  allow  it  to  be  done 
in  an  automatic  or  self-adjusting  manner,  as  otherwise 
it  will  not  be  done;  living-  in . un ventilated  apartments 
becomes  such  a  habit  that  when  oner  established  it 
is  hard  to  eradicate.  The  stupefying  and  life-slowing 
effects  of  a  foul  and  vitiated,  close  atmosphere  seem  to 
become,  after  a  time,  a  part  of  the  physical  existence  and 
a  necessity  with  many;  so  much  so  that  they  become 
positively  uncomfortable  in  fresh  air,  just  as  their  oppo- 
sites,  the  South  American,  will  live  in  an  atmosphere  of 
()()  degrees  with  all  the  doors  ajar,  day  or  night, — a  tem- 
perature which,  strangely  enough,  would  not  be  long 
home  by  Europeans  to  the  north  of  the  -Kith  degree  of 
latitude,  nor  by  the  North  Americans  north  of  the  38th, 
without  great  discomfort  and  the  closing  of  doors  or  the 
aid  of  artificial  warming,  a  degree  of  sensitiveness  being 
established,  in  these  two  classes  of  people,  by  the  ex- 
tremes of  temperatures  to  which  they  are  subjected, 
making  60°  F.  too  cold  for  them. 

\->  strange  as  it  may  seem,  the  races  of  men  living 
on  the  Mediterranean  shores  or  in  tin'  equably-climated 
parts  of  Europe  are  better  able  to  stand  an  extreme  cold 
temperature  than  those  who  have  been  living — them- 
selves and  a  long  line  of  previous  generations — und<  r 
the  influence  of  great  ranges  and  variability  of  tempera- 
ture.— facts  well  established  by  the  observations  of  Baron 
Larrey  during  the  campaign  and  retreat  of  the  Grand 
Army,  in    1ST2.      Lieutenant   Schwatka,   the   Antic  ex- 


88  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

plorer, — a  gentleman  whose  youth  was  passed  on  the 
Pacific  coast,  with  its  mild  climate, — lias  informed  the 
writer  that,  during  one  of  his  Arctic  journeys,  in  an  ex- 
treme degree  of  cold,  and  when  the  supplies  had  given 
out  and  his  Esquimau  escort  were  exhausted  and  perish- 
ing for  want  of  food,  he  started  out  for  assistance,  mak- 
ing the  extraordinary  journey  of  82  miles  in  twenty-four 
hours,  over  snow  and  ice,  to  procure  the  required  aid. 
But  for  the  superior  endurance  of  a  man  nurtured  in  a 
mild  climate,  and  better  able  to  withstand  the  rigors  and 
privations  of  their  own  clime,  the  Esquimaux  would 
have  all  perished. 

In  Southern  California  it  is  never  necessary  to  close 
the  houses,  either  to  exclude  the  heat  of  summer  or  the 
cold  of  winter.  During  the  years  in  which  no  extensive 
mountain-fires  occur  or  the  hot  simoon  of  the  desert 
does  not  pour  over  the  mountains  from  the  East,  the 
highest  temperature  experienced  on  the  Channel  coast 
does  not  exceed  82,  83,  84,  and  85  degrees,  as  was  the 
case  in  the  years  '73,  '80,  '81,  '82,  and  '86;  and  as  to 
cold,  the  wall-heat  in  a  properly-constructed  house  that 
has  been  absorbed  and  accumulated  through  the  long 
day's  exposure  to  the  sun  of  the  latitude  is  fully  sufficient 
to  maintain  the  interior  temperature  at  the  moderate 
point  throughout  the  coldest  night  that  the  coast  is  liable 
to  experience,  as  by  sunrise  on  the  next  morning  the 
warming  process  is  resumed.  Families  have  lived  for 
several  years — my  own  being  of  the  number — with  wide- 
opened  windows,  without  awnings  in  summer  or  fires  in 
the  winter,  in  the  greatest  of  comfort,  showing  the  ease, 
practicability,  and  comfort  with  which  free  and  constant 
ventilation  can  be  practiced  in  this  climate. 

California  meteorology  can  in  no  way  convey  to  the 
outside  world  any  idea  of  the  climate  as  experienced  by 


a 


90  SOUTHEKN    CALIFORNIA. 

the  senses.  As  observed  by  Charles  Dudley  Warner,  in 
"  Our  Italy,"  "  It  is  impossible  to  give  an  Eastern  man 
a  just  idea  of  the  winter  of  Southern  California,  who, 
while  gazing  on  gardens  laden  with  tropical  plants 
clothed  in  their  rich  and  luxuriant  foliage,  or  on  the 
date  and  banana  ripening  in  the  bright  sun,  and  on  the 
strawberries  of  his  warm  months  which  here  are  bein^ 
gathered  in  midwinter,  cannot  understand  why  he  needs 
an  overcoat.  The  ordinary  Easterner  has  not  noticed 
the  fact  that  a  temperate  temperature  of  60°  F.  is 
something  that  he  is  a  stranger  to,  and  that,  although 
such  a  temperature  is  called  temperate,  to  those  unaccus- 
tomed to  it  it  is  positively  chilly ;  and  to  the  Easterner 
coining  here  with  the-  expectation  of  finding  the  pro- 
verbially warm  climates  of  the  tropics  nothing  but  dis- 
appointment will  result.  Health  does  not  demand 
either  the  summer  heat  of  the  East  or  the  great  artificial 
heat  of  the  houses  of  those  regions,  which  usually  is 
raised  above  75°  F. ;  whenever  the  outside  temperature 
falls  to  60  degrees  or  thereabouts,  as  observed  by  such 
competent  observers  as  James  Henry  Bennet,  of  Men- 
tone,  the  temperature  of  winter  that  has  been  found 
most  congenial  to  either  the  well  or  the  sick  has  been 
the  temperature  of  from  55  to  60  degrees ;  and  with 
such  a  temperature  fogs,  mists,  or  rains  are  in  no  way 
harmful,  even  to  the  invalid.  As  observed,  this  temper- 
ature is  not  an  agreeable  one  for  those  accustomed  to 
extremes,  and  many  will  perpetrate  the  blunder  of 
housing  themselves  before  a  hot  stove  in  a  close  room  ; 
but  the  wise  will  simply  clothe  themselves  properly  in 
warm  woolen  garments,  protect  their  feet  with  sensible 
shoes,  and  breathe  the  cooler  air. 

"  The  Chinese  are  a  very  peculiar  people,  and  have 
many  odd  ways.     They  are  even  said  to  be  in  a  state  of 


WINDS.  !)1 

senile  civilization,  no  longer  able  to  make  any  forward 
move;  hut  in  this  regard — how  to  weather  the  weather 
— we  can  learn  something  from  that  nation.  China  has 
a  changeable  and  extreme  climate;  the  aged,  as  well  as 
many  in  their  prime,  sleep  on  ovens  made  of  brick, 
which  maintain  their  heat  throughout  the  night  ;  their 
houses  are  open,  and,  like  the  South  American,  the 
Chinaman  never  will  sit  in  an  apartment  with  closed 
doors.  Draughts  and  air-currents  affect  neither  the 
Peruvian,  Colombian,  or  the  Chinese  mandarin;  but  all 
these  people  have  the  incomprehensible  habit — to  an 
American — of  sitting  shawled  or  overcoated  in  their 
apartments.-  A  wealthy  Chinaman  generally  lias  a  sup- 
ply of  fur-lined  robes  with  which  to  accommodate  each 
guest,  so  that  while  at  a  Chinese  private  reunion,  if  the 
temperature  should  suddenly  fall,  a  servant  soon  appears 
with  a  collection  of  furry  coats,  vests,  and  tippets,  wliich 
are  passed  around  to  each  guesi  something  like  napkins 
are  passed  around  at  one  of  our  afternoon  teas.  There 
is  one  thing  that  the  barbarian  will  not  do,  however, — 
something  our  Americans  are  continually  doing,  with 
great  persistency. — cram  their  guests'  lungs  lull  of  foul 
and  over-respired  air.  People  should  not  forget  that  it 
is  all-important  to  keep  the  bod)  warm, — something  that 
can  he  done  with  appropriate  clothing, — bul  that  it'  we 
wish  to  he  well  and  keep  health}   we  must    hreatlje  fresh 

air.  and  that  air  of  a  temperature  of  55  degrees  or  <><> 
degrees  is  not  too  cold  for  breathing  purposes,  even  if 
disagreeably  cold  to  the  body  surface."' 

WINDS. 

The  winds  of  this  part  of  ( lalifornia,  like  these  for  the 
rest  of  the  Pacific  coast,  are  from  the  west;  the  following 
brief  summary  will  give  a  genera]  idea  of  their  direction, 


92 


SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 


frequency,  and  velocity,  the  data  having  been  compiled  by 
Dr.  W.  M.  Chamberlain,  of  New  York :  "  Out  of  14,612 
consecutive  observations  at  San  Diego,  878  were  reported 


calm;  1730  were  reported  north  wind;  1044  were  re- 
ported south  wind ;  2879  were  reported  easterly;  8146 
were  reported  westerly ;  and  the  mean  average  velocity 


wixds.  93 

5.9  miles  per  hour  as  compared  with  7.7  miles  per  hour 
at  New  York  and  15.S  miles  per  hour  at  Cape  Hatteras." 

In  regard  to  the  velocity  and  as  evidence  of  the 
constant  mild  character  of  the  winds  of  the  coast,  it  may 
be  mentioned  that,  some  eight  years  ago,  the  U.  S.  Alinv 
Signal  Station  at  the  port  of  San  Diego  returned  to  the 
department  all  of  its  sets  of  cautionary  signals,  consisting 
of  the  flags,  lanterns,  and  other  apparatus  which  are 
usually  hoisted  as  a  warning  to  mariners  in  case  of  ap- 
proaching storms,  after  having  had  them  on  hand  for  as 
many  years  without  having  had  occasion  to  use  them 
once. 

During  the  first  year's  observations  at  the  Signal 
Station  at  San  Diego,  out  of  974  regular  observations, 
511  gave  westerly  winds;  calms,  164  times;  southerly 
winds,  131;  southeast  winds,  26;  east  winds,  44,  and 
from  the  northeast  98  times ;  the  north  wind  was  ob- 
served 124  times;  the  easterly  and  north  winds  are  the 
night-  or  land-  breezes.  The  sea-breeze  conies  with  the 
greatest  regularity  at  its  accustomed  hour  in  the  fore- 
noon, and  moves  inland  until  evening,  when  there  is 
usually  a  season  of  calm  ;  after  dark  the  evenings  are 
always  very  pleasant,  and  are  never  cold,  as  the  coolness 
does  not  appear  until  the  advent  of  the  land-breeze, 
which  arrives  later  in  the  night.  It  is  this  sea-breeze 
that  sweeps  inland  in  a  gentle  current,  flowing  at  the 
rate  of  6  or  8  miles  an  hour,  coursing  over  hill  and 
plain,  or  up  through  the  valleys,  and  finally  pouring 
down  over  the  mountains  into  the  great  basin  of  the 
Colorado  Desert  to  the  east,  that  is  the  carrier  of  the 
marine  coolness  to  this  semi-tropic  land,  and  the  fac- 
tor of  the  exceptionally  cool  summers  that  this  coast 
enjoys. 

Storms  come  from  the  southerly  points  of  the  compass, 


94 


SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 


but  never  attain  any  magnitude.  There  is,  however,  the 
desert  wind,  which  here  is  known  as  the  "  norther  "  or 
the  east  wind, — the  only  disturber  of  all  this  meteorologi- 
cal symphony, — a  very  disagreeable  wind  while  it  lasts, 
due  to  some  perverted  action  in  the  desert  atmosphere  ;  it 
comes  from  the  desert,  and  pours  through  the  passes  and 
over  the  mountains ;  it  is  accompanied  by  a  sudden  rise 
of  the  temperature,  great  diminution  of  atmospheric 
humidity,  an  increased  electrical  condition  of  the  air,  and, 
strange  as  it  may  seem,  it  produces  no  barometrical  dis- 
turbance or  serious  results ;  it  is  an  occurrence  that 
comes  once  in  the  course  of  a  few  years. 


RAIN-FALL    AND    RAINY    SEASONS. 

The  winter  is,  in  California,  the  season  of  rain  ;  but  all 
winters  are  not  rainy  seasons,  as  it  happens,  now  and 
then,  that  there  are  winter  seasons  nearly  as  dry  as  that 
of  summer.  In  California  there  are  what  are  called 
the  medium,  dry,  and  wet  seasons  ;  agriculturally  speak- 
ing, the  good  seasons  are  those  with  a  little  more  than  a 
medium  rain-fall,  and  where  it  comes  down  slowly.  The 
following  tables  will  give  an  idea  of  the  rain-fall  for  the 
region  and  of  its  distribution  by  months;  the  first  table 
gives  also  the  average  fall  of  rain  by  the  month  for  sixteen 
years,  and  also  the  monthly  distribution,  as  an  example 
of  each  of  the  dry,  very  wet,  and  medium  seasons: — 

At  San  Diego,  on  the  Sea-Coast— Monthly  Inches  of  Rain. 


Average 

per 

Month. 

jj 

^ 

S 

P 
< 

a> 

■a 

a 

8 

5 
| 
o 
O 

93 

X! 

a 

> 

u 

(a 
fit 

a 

« 

o 
a 
Q 

>> 

p 

i 

i-s 

>> 

u 
c3 

P 
u 
fit 
4) 
fa 

"3 

< 

OS 

o 

a 

2 
o 

16  years  .  . 

0.03 

0.19 

0.04 

0.44 

0.73 

2.09 

2.05 

2.33 

1.55 

0.93 

0.41 

0.06 

10.95 

1876-77    .  . 

0.03 

0.06 

0.03 

0.08 

0.04 

0.15 

1.05 

0.18 

1.44 

0  26    0.43 

3.75 

1883-84    .  . 

2.01 

0.20 

1.82 

134 

9.05 

6  23 

2.84     2.17 

0.31 

25.97 

18SS-89    .  . 

0.01 

0.04 

0.26 

1.83 

2S4 

1.72 

1.80 

2.20 

0.19     0.03 

0.10 

11.02 

RAIN-FALL    AND    RAINY    SEASONS. 


95 


The  second  table  gives  the  amount  of  rain  by  the 
month  for  an  extremely  dry  and  one  extreme  wet  season 

at  Los  Angeles  : — 


At  LOS  Anci  ii  3,    i  8 

THE 

Interior  Valleys 

- 

53 

>» 

Aver vob 

per 
Mow  PH. 

1 

/ 

< 

a 

— 
1 

s> 

,a 
s 

O 

- 

- 
5 

> 
0 

E 

- 
u 

V 

Q 

- 

r. 
►a 

- 
a 

- 

5 

< 

>. 
a) 

0 

a 

1-3 

1876-77    .   . 

0.40 

3.84      0.01 

(i.v; 

0.26 

0.30 

188  WJ4    .   . 

L.42 

2.56 

3.15    13.37 

12.36 

3.58 

. 

1.89 

There  are,  however,  exceptional  years,  when  even 
January  may  be  a  very  dr\  month.  January,  in  1872, 
had  only  0.44  inch  of  rain;  that  of  1S()<).  0.(51  inch; 
that  of  1880,  0.52  inch;  that  of  1884,  only  0.35  inch, 
while  January  of  1886  had  only  T^  inch  of  rain  ;  on 
the  other  hand,  August,  which  is  usually  a  rainless 
month,  had,  in  1S73,  nearly  2  inches  of  rain. 

The  third  rain-table  exhibits  the  rain-fall  for  the  im- 
mediate ports  on  the  shores  of  the  Channel.  The  stations 
are  named  in  their  order  of  geographical  situations,  from 
vvesl  t<>  easl  : — 


stations  on  THE  SEA-SlIORE. 


o 

T-. 

> 
3 

t.  _• 

<-  r 
•  7. 

-  - 

v.z 

—— 

Rainiest 
Mnntbs  for 
that  Season. 

Rainless 

Monti,-  Eor 
Same  Season. 

Months  with 

I  •  -- 1  ban 

<  >ii<-  i . hi i  th 

Inrh  oi  Rain. 

Point     Concep- 

■j:.s 

B 

12.21 

7.62 

Feb.  and  Mar. 

July,      Am:., 
ami  Sept. 

Ma>  ami  .1  mie. 

Santa  Barbara 

30 

l'.i 

17.83    23.74 

l>rc.     Jan., 
anil  Feb. 

August. 

July.    Sept., 
ami  June. 

San    Buenaven- 
tura     

.--i 

11 

16.87    21.12 

.Ian.  and  Feb. 

.Inly  ami  Aug. 

Sept.and  June. 

Santa  Monica 

;» 

8 

16.18 

24.68 

Nov.  ami  .Ian. 

July, 
anil  Sept, 

<  October,  May, 
ami  J  une. 

Drum  Barracks. 

'■-' 

5 

8.74 

1  i.i  .  anil  .Ian. 

Sept.,      May, 
ami  June. 

July,  \"^  . 
ami  Oct. 

Ajiahe  m  .  .  .  . 

250 

9 

M.nl 

1  L75 

I  )cr.  ami  Feb. 

July,  \ult.. 

ami  Si  pi. 

June. 

San  1  >iegO    .    ■    ■ 

40 

15 

11.01 

16.95 

Dec..     Jan., 
•ml  Feb. 

July,   Aug., 

Sept.and  June. 

96 


SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 


The  fourth  rain-table  relates  to  its  quantity  and  dis- 
tribution in  the  inland  valleys,  and  explains  itself: — 

Stations  fkom  Fifteen  Miles  Inland  to  Foot  of  Mountains. 


8 
'& 

> 

?.  £ 
a>  > 

><8 

■  (A 

*  —  z£ 

it  «  c* 

Ci   rjK-, 

5  5  s 

,Ced 

<*HOO 

^2 

Los  Angeles  Co. 

Los  Angeles    . 

371 

9 

17.64 

22.70 

Spadra  .... 

705 

12 

12.39 

16.50 

San  Bernard  Co. 

Colton    .... 

965 

10 

9.84 

9.66 

Riverside  .  .  . 

1030 

5 

9.37 

9.60 

San  Bernardino 

16 

16.17 

20.25 

San  Diego  Co. 

Fall  Brook   .   . 

700 

11 

17.75 

26.23 

Escondido    .   . 

11 

15.69 

20.87 

8 

14.15 

16.80 

Rainiest 

Months  for 

1885-86. 


Dec,  Jan., 
Feb.,  and  Mar, 

Jan.,    Feb., 
and  March. 


February. 


Feb.  and  Mar. 

Dec,    Jan., 
and  Feb. 

Dec,    Jan., 
Feb.,  and  Mar. 

Dec,    Jan., 
Feb.,  and  Mar. 

Dec,    Jan., 

Feb.,  Mar.,  and 

April. 


Rainless 

Months  for 
1885-86. 


Months  with 

Less  than 

<  inc-tourtli 

Inch  of  Rain. 


July  and  Aug.  June  and  Sept. 


July. 

September. 
July. 


July. 


Aug..    Sept., 
and  June. 


June,  July, 
Aug.,  and  Oct. 

June  and  Sept. 

June,  July. 
Aug.,  and  Sept. 

June,  July. 
Aug., and  Sept. 

June  and  Aug. 


June,  July, 
Aug.,andSept. 


In  the  mountains  the  rain-fall  is  necessarily  much 
greater.  At  Julian,  at  an  elevation  of  4500  feet,  the 
yearly  rain-fall  has  a  mean  of  37.74,  which  is  nearly  2 
inches  more  than  that  of  Turin,  on  the  upper  valley  of 
the  Po,  in  Northern  Italy ;  at  Julian  the  yearly  precipi- 
tation has  reached  61.62  inches. 

On  the  desert,  at  the  station  of  Indio,  12  feet  above 
sea-level,  the  observations  of  nine  years  give  an  annual 
mean  of  2.32  inches  of  rain,  with  some  years  as  low  as 
1.10.  Fort  Yuma — also  a  railroad-station  on  the  eastern 
edge  of  the  desert,  and  situated  on  a  hill  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Colorado  River — has  an  average  precipitation 
of  3.86  inches  annually. 

Lieutenant  Glassford,  of  the  United  States  Signal 
Service,  has  given  the  most  comprehensive  explanation 


RAIN-FALL    AND    RAINY    SEASONS. 


97 


of  the  origin  and  history  of  the  California  rains  and  of 
its  winter  storms.  It  also  explains  why  the  rains  are 
always  preceded  by  southerly  winds  and  come  from  the 
South,  while  the  rains  first  appear  in  the  North  and 
gradually  approach  the  South  from  that  direction.  For 
instance,  rain  is  telegraphed  as  falling  in  San  Francisco; 
as  a  rule,  it  may  he  looked  for  in  the  South  from  twenty- 


I.ivk  oaks  on  Julian  Mountains. 


lour  to  sixty  hours  later;  meanwhile  the  wind  is  steady 
from  the  southward,  and  when  the  rain  does  come  it 
appears  at  earl)  evening,  when  the  sea-breeze  has  begun 
to  subside  and  it  comes  from  the  South.  Of  local  rains 
there  are  none,  as  there  are  no  local  causes  to  produce 
them;  and  although  it  may  accidentally  rain  at  some 
rare  period  without  the  precursory  rains  farther  north. 
the  storm   is  always  found  to  be  due  to  the  same  causes, 


98  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

only  that  the  winds  in  their  northward  sweep  have  not 
accumulated  a  sufficient  amount  of  moisture  for  precipita- 
tion in  their  earlier  course  farther  north.  According  to  the 
researches  of  the  Lieutenant,  the  Californias  depend  on 
their  rains  in  proportion  to  the  amount  and  extent  of  the 
cyclonic  disturbance  which  seems  to  gather  or  centre  in 
the  region  of  Puget  Sound,  as  there  are  no  ocean  winds 
to  bring  them  any  rains  independently.  The  cyclonic 
area  originates  or  moves  with  the  Japan  current  on  the 
Washington  and  Oregon  coasts,  where  the  high  mountain 
chain  arrests  it  and  causes  it  to  parallel  the  coast,  while 
its  centre  wavers  up  and  down,  giving  to  the  coast  and  its 
immediate  neighborhood  its  great  rain-fall ;  and  that  only 
in  a  disturbance  of  protracted  force,  or  with  a  cyclonic 
development  central  off  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia,  will 
its  marginal  border  affect  or  influence  Southern  California. 
The  more  prolonged  is  the  period  of  cyclonic  disturbance 
at  its  far  northern  centre,  the  longer  the  rain  and  the 
greater  the  amount  that  falls  in  Southern  California; 
this  result  is  brought  about  by  the  aspirating  force  that 
is  exerted  by  the  storm-centre  on  the  otherwise  pacific 
region  to  its  southward.  With  the  cessation  of  the  aspi- 
rating suction  created  by  the  cyclonic  disturbance  to  the 
north  the  southerly  winds  cease,  and  the  westerly 
breezes  at  once  resume  their  accustomed  course,  with  an 
immediate  clearing  away  of  all  clouds  and  traces  of  a 
rain-storm.  This  is  the  reason  of  the  inconstancy  of  the 
California  rains,  of  the  sudden  clearing  up,  and  of  the 
beautiful,  clear,  and  cloudless  weather  that  occurs  be- 
tween storms  of  rain ;  to  these  causes  this  region  owes  the 
fact  that  no  steamy,  unhealthy,  or  depressing,  or  enervat- 
ing weather  precedes,  accompanies,  or  follows  its  rains, 
and  that  no  physical  disturbances  are  experienced  dur- 
ing the  storm  periods ;  the  storm  causes  being  at  such 


RELATION    OF    RAIN-FALL    TO    HEALTH    AND    DISEASE.       99 


remote  distances  that  their  physical  influences  cannot  be 

felt.  The  following  tabic  of  comparative  rain-fall  l'or  the 
whole  extent  of  the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United  States 
exhibits,  in  an  undisputed  way.  the  learned  description 
of  this  part  of  our  meteorology  by  Lieut.  Glassford  : — 

Table  Showing  Gkaiu'ai.i.v   Decreasing    Rain-fall   from  thb   18th  to 
the  32d  Degree  of  North  Latitude  on  mo:  Pa<  u  u 


Pacific-*  !o  vst  Station. 

Neah  Bay 

Astoria 

Port  Orford 

Humboldt  Light-House  .   . 

Point    Arenas 

Point  Reyes 

Santa  Cruz 

Monterey 

Point  Conception 

San    Dieso 


Annual 

[nchesof  Rain 

(Mean). 


111.00 
77. 1-3 
70.50 
33.02 
30.53 
38.09 
25.24 
14.42 
12.21 
11.01 


Approximate     Approximate 
Latitude.  Longitude. 


483  15' 
46°  12' 
42°  4G' 
40O  30' 
3JP 
380 
37 

36°  36' 
34°  28' 
320  44' 


101     25' 

124 

124     22' 

L24     20' 

123^  46' 

1233 

122 

120O  30' 
1170    8' 


The  above  table  not  only  exhibits  the  two  extremes 
on  the  Pacific  coast,  but  it  gives  the  rainiest  and  the 
least  rainy  of  all  the  United  States  sea-stations  on  any 
of  its  extent  of  sea-coasts;  at  Neah  Bay  the  yearly  pre- 
cipitation has  been  as  high  as  132  inches,  with  a  record 
of  rain  for  a  single  day  of  6.90  inches,  while  at  San 
Diego,  for  a  whole  year,  the  total  amount  recorded  in 
some  extreme  season  lias  only  been  3.75  inches, 

RELATION    OF    RAIN-FALL    TO    HEALTH     \XI»    DISEASE. 

I  have  never  placed  the  stress  thai  is  usually  laid  on 
the  importance   to  health   of  a  small  rain-fall.      In   the 


100 


SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 


Khasia  Hills,  '200  miles  north  of  the  shores  of  the  Bay 
of  Bengal,  the  rain-fall  in  some  years  amounts  to  600 
inches,  with  an  annual  mean  precipitation  of  493  inches  ; 

as  recorded  at  Chcnapoonjee, 
30  inches  have  fallen  on  a 
single  day.  Bogota,  in  South 
America,  with  74  inches; 
Cape  Hatteras,  on  the  Atlantic 
shores  of  the  United  States, 
with  78  inches ;  the  Oregon, 
AVashington,  and  Alaskan 
shores,  on  the  Pacific,  with 
an  annual  rain-fall  of  over 
100  inches ;  Valencia,  in  the 
southwest  of  Ireland,  with  its 
235  days  of  rain,  and  Seath- 
waite,  in  England,  with  its 
152  inches  of  rain,  are  no 
more  the  developers  of  phthisis 
than  localities  with  the  least 
possible  rain-fall  or  the  least 
number  of  rainy  clays.  This 
has  been  well  demonstrated 
by  the  testimony  of  many 
observers.  The  venerable 
Lombard,  of  Geneva,  as  long- 
ago  as  in  1834,  in  his  work 
on  the  "  Influence  of  Trades 
on  Phthisis,"  pointed  out  the 
fact  that  those  who  followed 
occupations  that  exposed  them 
to  wet  and  to  an  atmosphere  laden  with  moisture  were 
less  subject  to  the  disease  than  those  in  the  dry  and  better- 
protected  trades.    Thackrah,  in  his  work  dealing  with  the 


ATMOSPHERIC    HUMIDITV.  101 

effects  of  trades  on  health,  made  the  same  observations. 
Dickinson  particularly  calls  attention  to  the  less  liability 
to  diseases  on  the  rainy  and  foggy  west  coast  of  Scotland. 
Donnelly  and  Wilde,  in  their  report  made  to  Parliament, 
observed  that  the  proportion  of  diseases  generally,  and  of 
those  of  the  respiratory  organs  in  particular,  was  all  of 
two-fifths  greater  on  the  eastern  than  on  the  rainier  and 
more  humid  western  coast  of  Ireland.  All  authors,  from 
the  time  of  Ilufeland  down  to  the  present,  have  called 
attention  to  the  exemption  from  disease  and  the  tendency 
to  longevity  that  is  enjoyed  by  islanders  generally  ;  and, 
later,  Bennet,  of  Mentone ;  Frank  and  Marcet,  of 
Cannes;  and  Weber  have  mentioned  that  the  pulmo- 
nary invalids  did  better  in  the  winter  of  1878-79.  with 
half  of  the  days  rainy  and  with  an  unusually  low  tem- 
perature, than  they  had  done  at  any  other  season. 
Bennet,  of  Mentone,  speaks  very  favorably  of  the  results 
of  the  rainy  atmosphere  of  the  western  highlands  of 
Scotland.  Bennet  lays  stress,  however,  on  the  fact  that 
rainy  weather,  to  be  healthy,  must  be  accompanied  by  a 
temperature,  of  from  55  to  65  degrees;  he  also  particu- 
larly notices  that  in  Scotland  seasons  of  great  rains  are, 
as  a  rule,  the  healthiest  of  seasons.  These  points  have 
already  been  touched  upon,  but  they  are  hen1  repeated, 
in  conjunction  with  the  subject  of  rain-fall,  to  recall  the 
main  points  to  the  reader's  mind. 

ATMOSPHERIC    HUMIDITY. 

Considerable  discrepancy  is  to  be  found  In  the  opin- 
ion as  regards  the  atmospheric  humidity  of  tins  coast. 
Every  term  in  the  meteorological  vocabulary  relative  to 
moisture  or  dryness  1ms  boon  conscientiously  applied  to 
the  region  to  denote  the  qualit)  of  its  climate,  most 
observers  failing  to   conciliate  the  facts  that  thej  were 


102  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

dealing  with  two  opposite  climatic  factors  not  often 
found  in  unison,  to  wit,  the  exceptionally  and  peculiarly 
dry  soil  already  mentioned,  with  its  undecaying  vegeta- 
tion and  a  marine  air  or  atmosphere  loaded  with 
ocean  moisture  ;  the  humidity  that  is  here  respired,  es- 
pecially on  the  sea-shores  and  outside  of  the  cities, 
where  the  peculiarly  persistent  and  undying  grasses  of 
the  land  cover  the  ground,  is  as  pure  an  ocean  or  sea 
humidity  as  is  breathed  on  board  of  ship  at  sea,  as  the 
ground  cannot  and  does  not  contribute  the  least  particle 
of  moisture,  but,  on  the  contrary,  it  continually  gives 
out  heat  both  by  radiation  and  reflection,  lifting  higher 
the  watery  vapors  that  are  contained  in  the  winds  as 
they  sweep  inland  over  its  warm  surface ;  higher  and 
higher  it  carries  the  vapor — even  through  the  night — 
and  in  the  morning  it  is  seen  gathered  in  the  heavens  in 
the  form  of  a  high  fog  that  resembles  heavy  clouds  or 
following  the  course  of  the  higher  valleys ;  the  air  below 
these,  and  lying  between  these  fog-clouds  and  the  land, 
being  perfectly  clear  and  bright,  while  clothes  or  any 
moist  article  that  is  exposed  to  the  air  near  to  the 
ground  dries  rapidly,  showing  the  great  relative  dry- 
ness of  and  warmth  of  the  lower  stratum  of  air ;  show- 
ing, in  an  indisputable  manner,  the  sanitary  benefits  of 
a  warm  and  dry  soil  and  the  manner  of  its  operation, 
and  how,  in  this  climate,  the  ground-air  is  by  no  means 
the  coldest  or  dampest,  as  is  generally  the  case  elsewhere. 
The  coast  offers  a  strange  contrast  in  comparison  to 
the  rest  of  the  country  in  regard  to  its  seasonal  relative 
humidity,  in  the  fact  that,  while  with  decreasing  tem- 
perature it  increases  elsewhere,  here  it  diminishes,  as 
will  be  seen  from  the  following  table,  covering  several 
Southern  California  stations  and  samples  from  the 
Atlantic  sea-board  and  the  Mississippi  Valley : — 


ATMOSPHERIC    HUMIDITY". 


103 


Mean   Relative        Mean   Tempi 

Stations. 

Humidity. 

1  IKK. 

January. 

July. 

January. 

July. 

San  Diego,  Cal 

68 

73 

55 

68 

61 

61 

54 

71 

San  Bernardino,  Cal 

69 

7:J 

52 

76 

Bismark,  Dak.  •    •    . 

77 
79 

63 
62 

17 
22 

71 

St.  Paul,  Minn 

73 

52 

31 

26 

73 

06 

62 

35 

?8 

75 

70 

32 

74 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  higher  relative  humidity 

in  the  three  first-mentioned  stations  is  coincident  with 
the  wannest  month,  whereas  with  all  the  others  it  coin- 
cides with  the  coldest.  The  relations  that  exist  on  this 
lower  coast  between  the  temperature  and  humidity  are 
not  to  he  judged  by  the  same  rule  a^  elsewhere;  with 
the  maximum  temperature  there  is  always  such  a  rapid 
diminution  of  atmospheric  moisture  that  it  has  been  as 
low  as  5  per  cent.,  when  book-covers  curl  outward  and 
bread  and  everything  else  undergoes  a  rapid  desiccation. 
The  only  sources  that  this  region  has  to  draw  its  extra 
heat  from — the  deserl  and  mountain  tires — make  any 
other  combination  of  heat  and  humiditj  nut  of  the  <jue>- 
tion.  This  is  why  any  natural  degree  of  excessive  heat 
is  never  followed  by  any  physical  disturbance,  and  why 
it  is  so  peculiarly  endurable  and  unnoticed.  The  follow- 
ing table  gives  the  mean  relative  humidity  for  each 
month  of  1878  for  the  coast  and  the  inland  regions; 
other  localities  are  added  to  the  table  for  the  purpose  of 
comparison  : — 


104 


SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 
Monthly  Mean  Humidity  in  Southern  California. 


>> 

g 

1-5 

3 

3 

■— 

& 

o 
fa 

< 

>> 

4> 

a 

>-3 

>> 

3 

•-5 

00 

0) 

g 

C. 
OS 

o 

A 
c 

o 

O 

o 

s 

c 

g 

o 
u 
o 
Q 

68 

74 

78 

74 

75 

76 

73 

77 

74 

73 

55 

61 

61 

69 

72 

69 

70 

72 

61 

61 

62 

67 

46 

56 

San  Diego,  Cal.  . 
Los  Angeles,  Cal, 

Sacramento,  Cal. 
St.  Paul,  Minn.  . 
Denver,  Col.   .   . 


Elsewhere. 


79 

80 

71 

65 

57 

53 

43 

46 

43 

49 

72 

74 

79 

72 

65 

58 

56 

69 

62 

72 

66 

70 

74 

78 

52 

47 

42 

32 

46 

48 

31 

35 

36 

=0 

49 

54 

6] 


The  salubrity  and  agreeableness  of  a  climate  do  not 
evidently  depend  upon  a  minimum  of  moisture,  provided 
the  temperature  be  moderately  low ;  it  would  seem  as  if 
an  atmosphere  holding  considerable  moisture  was  the 
most  consistent  with  good  health  and  long  life.  Accord- 
ing to  Levy,  the  average  humidity  the  world  over  is  72, 
and  Briggs,  the  best  authority  on  the  subject,  in  regard 
to  the  United  States,  assigns  70  as  the  most  consistent 
with  health  for  this  country.  Beard  attributes  the  better 
health  and  longer  life  of  the  western  Europeans  to  the 
great  relative  humidity  of  western  Europe ;  and,  on  the 
other  hand,  he  attributes  all  that  is  comprised  under 
the  head  of  American  nervousness  to  the  very  dry 
climates  of  the  United  States.  The  humidity  of  this 
region  is,  at  the  best,  but  a  marine  moisture,  and,  either 
as  held  as  vapor  in  the  air  or  in  the  shape  of  fog,  it 
does  not  become  a  factor  of  putrefaction  to  either  animal 
or  vegetable  matter.  Meats,  fish,  fruits,  and  grasses, 
freely  exposed  to  its  influence,  are  cured  and  well  pre- 
served at  any  locality,  either  on  the  sea-shore  or  up  in 
the  hills. 


ATMOSPHERIC    HUMIDITY. 


105 


I  have  often  seen  a  quarter  of  beef  hanging  up  on 
a  tree  by  a  rope  and   tackle,  which  was  let  down  by 


Pakt  ok  Old  Mxssioh  Bah  Juan. 


these  means  for  the  purpose  of  cutting  away  what  was 
wanted  for  the  family  use,  and  which  has  kept  good  to 
the  last  morsel.    Animals  killed  or  dying,  and  left  on  the 


106  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

ground,  do  not  corrupt,  but  simply  mummify.  Hides 
are  simply  hung  up  or  spread  on  the  ground.  The  Cali- 
fornia raisins  are  all  sun-  and  air-  dried.  The  mulberry, 
with  which  the  silk-worms  are  fed,  does  not  require  the 
same  care  that  is  exercised  in  France  or  in  Italy,  on  ac- 
count of  the  putrefactive  decay  of  the  vegetable  substance 
and  consequent  injury  to  the  worms  that  takes  place  in 
those  countries ;  the  branches  are  here  simply  thrown  in, 
and  the  leaves  keep  in  a  good  condition  until  they  are 
all  eaten  up. 

Leather  articles,  books,  and  such  materials  do  not 
mold  in  ventilated  apartments,  and  sea-mosses,  ferns, 
and  botanical  specimens  of  all  kinds  are  preserved 
without  the  least  difficulty ;  salts  do  not  deliquesce — all 
tending  to  show  the  harmless  character  of  the  humidity 
in  whatever  degree  it  may  be  present,  and  its  general 
salubrious  effect  on  both  animal  and  vegetable  tissues — 
a  striking  contrast  to  the  effects  of  the  humidity  of 
Madeira,  where  leather  articles  mold,  salts  deliquesce, 
metal  articles  rust,  botanical  specimens  can  hardly  be 
preserved,  and  musical  instruments  can  hardly  be  kept 
in  tune. 

The  relation  that  exists  between  heat,  moisture,  and 
human  health  and  life  was  well  exemplified  during  the 
heated  week  ending  July  6,  187*2,  at  Xew  York,  when 
the  mortality  exceeded  that  of  the  cholera  week  of  July, 
1866,  and  of  the  grippe  week  of  January,  1890.  In  the 
fatal  week  of  1872,  the  mean  temperature  was  83.97  de- 
grees and  the  humidity  was  75  degrees, — a  combination 
that  is  utterly  impossible  in  the  Southern  California 
climate. 

BAROMETER. 

Being  out  of  the  track  of  storms,  this  region  is  not 
subject  to  any  great  or   frequent  barometrical  disturb- 


BAROMETER. 


107 


ances;  from  the  description  already  given  in  connection 
with  the  subject  of  rain-fall,  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
cyclonic  area  is  so  distant  that  it  can  cause  but  little  dis- 
turbance so  far  to  the  southward.  A  study  of  the  low 
barometer  areas  that   are  carefully   recorded   year  after 


Am  iknt  Cloistek-Galleuv.  jsa>'  Juan  Mission. 


year  by  the  United  States  signal  Service  shows  that  this 
region  is  left  away  to  the  right  as  the  storm-track  moves 
southward  from  the  time  it  strikes  the  coast  on  the 
shores  of  Paget  Sound.  The  desert  storms  do  not  cause 
any    barometrical     fluctuation ;     the     only    atmospheric 


108 


SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 


elements  that  they  increase  are  the  heat,  electricity,  and 
dryness;  neither  do  the  rains  of  winter  make  any  appre- 
ciable difference  in  the  barometer.  As  before  remarked, 
there  is  no  local  disturbance  that  in  any  way  accom- 
panies the  rain-fall. 

The  following  table  gives  the  mean  monthly  readings 
of  the  barometer  for  San  Diego  on  the  Channel  shores 
and  Los  Angeles  for  the  inland  regions: — 


Los  Angeles. 


July  .    .    . 

August  . 
September 
October  . 
November 
December 
January  . 
February 
March  .  . 
April  .  . 
May.  .  . 
June     .    . 


29.530 
29.575 
29.523 
29.592 
29.672 
29.656 
29.706 
29.644 
29.646 
29.560 
29.570 
29.559 


ATMOSPHERIC    ELECTRICITY. 

In  this  regard  this  region  of  country  is  peculiarly 
situated.  The  hot  and  arid  desert  to  the  east ;  the  cool 
ocean,  with  its  cool  and  moisture-laden  atmosphere ;  the 
exceptionally  dry  soil  of  the  land  of  the  coast,  and  the 
two  currents  of  air  that  continually  friction  against 
each  other — a  cool,  marine,  humidity-laden,  ocean  breeze 
moving  rapidly  inland  as  the  lower  stream,  and  a  warm, 
dry,  upper  current  moving  as  rapidly  out  to  sea — are 
conditions  that  are  all  eminently  favorable  to  the  devel- 


DIAPHANOUS   CONDITION    OF    THE    ATMOSPHERE.         109 

opment  of  electricity, — the  exact  analogue  of  the  elec- 
trical condition  that  is  found  on  the  high  Peruvian 
Andes,  and  precisely  similar  causes — opposite  currents 
of  air  of  widely-differing  temperature  and  of  hydrometric 
condition — lying  one  over  the  other.  The  extreme  dry- 
ness of  the  ground  makes  it  a  very  poor  conductor;  so 
that  all  this  abundance  of  electricity  at  times  charg 
metallic  bodies  that  may  be  placed  on  any  insulating 
material.  During  the  prevalence  of  one  of  those  deserl 
storms  already  mentioned  the  amount  of  electricity  i-  so 
increased  that  the  hair  will  stand  out  as  if  on  an  insu- 
lating-stool;  horse's  tails  then  stand  out  as  if  they  arc 
thick  brushes;  but  no  physical  disturbance  accompanies 
these  occurrences.  The  rheumatic  or  the  invalid  need 
never  have  to  resort  to  insulating-glass  disks  to  retain 
any  electricity  in  his  body. 

DIAPHANOUS    CONDITION    OF    THE    ATMOSPHERE. 

Tl lis  property  may  be  considered  the  fairest  test  of 
the  clearness  of  the  air  and  of  its  freedom  from  any  over- 
charging   with    watery  vapors    or  minute    particles    of 

mineral,  -vegetable,  or  any  other  organic  or  inorganic 
dust.  This  atmospheric  condition  is  at  times  found  on 
land  in  its  most  accentuated  form;  when  small  objects, 
as  the  outlines  of  a  house,  a  rock,  edge  of  a  hill,  or  of  a 
ravine,  stand  out  sharp  and  well  defined  at  a  distance  of 
fifteen  miles,  the  diaphaneity  causing  them  to  appear  as 
if  no  more  than  one  or  two  miles  off;  the  granite  shaft 
that  stands  near  the  sea-shore  at  the  initial  point  of  the 
westerly  limit  of  the  Mexican  boundary-line  often  stands 
out  boldly  outlined  against  the  southern  landscape,  and 
plainly  visible  from  the  Hotel  del  Coronado,  sonic  sixteen 
miles  to  the  north  of  the  monument.  From  the  top  of  the 
Volcan  Mountain,  a    high  hill    of  the   coast  range   sonic 


110 


SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 


fifty  miles  inland,  I  have  seen  the  whole  panorama  of 
the  shores  and  bays  of  the  San  Diego  region,  the  city 
and  villages  and  the  hills  and  valleys  all  sharply  out- 


lined, and,  on  days  when  the  bank  of  fog  that  usually 
hangs  far  out  at  sea  has  been  pushed  farther  out  than 
usual,  the  Island  of  San  Clemente,  seventy  miles  to  the 


SUNSHINE.  Ill 

westward,  oft'  the  coast, — distant  one  hundred  and  twenty 
miles, — seemed  not  twenty  miles  away  ;  from  the  highest 
peaks  of  Mount  San  Bernardino  this  diaphaneity  allows 
a  still  more  extended  range  of  vision,  as  on  a  bright, 
midsummer  day  a  circular  panorama  of  nearly  three 
hundred  and  fifty  miles  in  diameter,  comprising  the  most 
varied  scenery  of  high  mountains,  low  deserts  of  yellow. 
shifting  sands,  cultivated  valleys,  and  ocean  that  is  im- 
aginable. This  condition  of  the  atmosphere  is  so 
deceptive  that  often  newly-arrived  strangers,  accustomed 
to  measure  distances  by  the  eye  in  the  thicker  and  less 
diaphanous  air  of  the  East,  have  started  to  walk  to  a  hill 
for  the  prospect,  which  seemed  about  a  mile  off.  when  the 
hill  was  really  a  high  mountain  more  than  twenty  miles 
away. 

SUNSHINE. 

This  region  enjoys  an  unusual  amount  of  sunshine, 
there  being  but  few  days  on  which  the  sun  does  not 
appear  for  some  part  of  the  day.  The  prolonged  cloiulv 
days  and  of  threatening  rain  are  here  unknown,  and 
even  between  showers  the  sun  often  shines  out  as  it  does 
after  an  April  shower  in  the  East;  foggy  days  in  the 
London  sense  are  here  likewise  unknown,  as  our  fogs 
are.  as  has  been  described,  high  fogs,  which  disappear 
with  the  rising  of  the  sun,  or  they  may  be  Light  evening 
fogs  coming  in  from  out  ;it  sea  niter  sunset.  The  latter 
variety  is  uncommon  and  of  very  rare  occurrence,  and 
liable,  at  times,  in  the  spring.  It  must  be  a  very  thick 
log.  indeed,  that  will  persist  to  remain  and  hold  it -^  own 
against  the  sun-heat  of  the  latitude  and  the  radiating 
heat  of  the  ground,  which  is  of  the  most  constant  char- 
acter; ami  day  fogs  never  occur.  The  daysare  long,  the 
'20th  of  June  being  fifteen  hours  and  seventeen  minutes 
in    length,  and    the    '20th    of  December  being  ten    hours 


112  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

between  sunrise  and  sunset.  The  sky  is  of  a  clear, 
bright  blue,  and  at  times  a  whole  series  of  months  may 
pass  without  a  speck  of  cloud  to  mar  its  surface;  it  is 
this  bright  sunshine  and  perpetual  clear,  blue  sky  that 
is  the  real  unconscious  power — more  so  than  any  local 
custom  or  habits — that  brings  Califomians  back  to  these 
shores,  who,  after  many  years  spent  on  the  coast,  have 
attempted  to  again  live  in  the  East.  What  benefits  are 
to  be  derived  from  living  in  an  atmosphere  of  warm  and 
genial  sunshine  are  certainly  to  be  had  at  their  maximum 
in  Southern  California, 

THUNDER    AND    LIGHTNING. 

The  most  expressive  proof  of  the  absence  of  thunder 
and  lightning  lies  in  the  fact  that  on  the  San  Diego  Bay 
region  and  in  the  San  Gabriel  Valley,  with  their  vast 
populations,  there  is  not  a  lightning-rod  to  be  seen  on 
any  building;  neither  do  thunder-storms  occur  on  the 
Channel.  In  the  mountains,  however,  the  case  is 
different ;  there  the  storm  elements  try  to  outdo  those 
of  New  England.  On  the  coast  or  in  the  inland  valleys 
the  rain  comes  without  any  of  the  usual  Eastern  or 
European  storm  accompaniments ;  it  simply  begins  to 
fall  about  sunset  in  a  gradually  increasing  shower,  with- 
out any  extra  wind  ;  it  patters  down  through  the  night, 
with  a  probability  of  the  heaviest  downpour  taking  place 
after  midnight,  but  never  with  any  violence.  During 
the  winter  of  1889-90  there  was,  on  one  occasion,  a 
night  of  rain  with  several  sharp  peals  of  thunder,  being 
the  first  I  had  heard  in  eighteen  years  of  residence  in 
San  Diego.  During  the  summer,  flashes  of  heat-light- 
nins  are  often  seen  over  the  mountains  to  the  East ;  it 
generally  appears  coincidently  with  the  occurrence  of 
the   Sonora    rains  or    the   summer   storms  of   Western 


COMPETENT    OBSERVERS'    VIEWS    OF    THE    CLIMATE.        113 

Mexico  that  come  as  far  as  the  eastern  edge  of  the  desert, 
and  no  farther. 

OZONE. 

The  southwesterly  exposure  of  the  coast  and  the 
westerly  winds  which  prevail,  the  electrical  condition  of 
the  air  and  the  forests  of  pines  through  which  the  sea- 
and  land-  breezes  sweep  on  their  way  to  and  from  the 
desert,  all  tend  to  lead  the  atmosphere  with  ozone.  Some 
eleven  years  ago  Dr.  Hearne,  the  obliging  officer  in 
charge  of  the  l.  S.  Signal  Station  at  this  port,  kindly 
instituted  a  series  of  morning  and  evening  observations 
for  one  month  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  atmos- 
pheric condition  as  to  ozone;  the  method  employed  was 
Schonbein's  test,  the  scale  used  being  that  of  10  degrees 
— from  the  lightest  perceptible  tint  to  the  deep-bine  color 
of  iodide  of  starch  ;  the  paper  exposed  from  8  A.M.  to 
8  P.M.  gave  a  mean  of  4.0  degrees,  and  that  exposed  from 
8  P.M.  to  8  a.m.  gave  a  mean  of  6  degrees  for  the  month; 
of  the  sixty-two  tests  four  gave  10  degrees  of  the  scale. 
three  out  of  the  four  being  from  the  night  exposures,  the 
lowest  figure  of  the  scale  observed  being  2  degn 
which  happened  nine  times  out  of  the  sixty-two. 

COMPETENT    OBSERVERS'   VIEWS    OF   THE    CLIMATE. 

General  Emory,  who  first  visited  this  coast  as  a 
Lieutenant  of  Topographical  Engineers  with  the  in- 
vading army  of  General  Kearny,  in  1846,  noticed  tin- 
coast  climate  as  favorable  to  all  the  grains  and  fruits  of 
the  temperate  /one  and  many  of  the  tropical,  which 
have  flourished  Luxuriantly,  ••and  that  on  descending  to 
the  coast  the  winds  from  the  southwest  in  winter  and 
northwest  in  summer  produce  a  great  uniformity  <>f  tem- 
perature, and  the  climate  is.  perhaps,  unsurpassed  for 
salubrity."     "The  white  teeth  of  the  Califomians,  and 

8 


114 


SOUTH  KRN    CALIFORNIA. 


the  blood  tingling  in  the  cheeks  of  their  olive-colored 
faces,"  as  indicative  of  their  superb  physical  health,  did 
not  escape  his  notice.  (Emory's  "  Report  and  Notes  of 
Travel  in  California.") 

General  Greely,  chief  signal  officer  of  the  United 
States,  in  an  exhaustive  article  on  summer  climates,  after 
enumerating  the  requisites  for  the  best  moderate  temper- 
atures, balmy  breezes,  and  cool  nights,  says :  "  There  is 
possibly  one  place  in  the  United  States  where  such  con- 
ditions  obtain,  a   bit   of  country   of  about  forty  square 


View  of  San  Diego  Bay.    Coronado  Ferry  in  Right  Margin. 

miles  at  the  extreme  southwestern  part  of  the  United 
States,  in  which  San  Diego  is  situated ;  but  even  here, 
perhaps,  once  in  two  or  three  years,  the  sultry  blasts  of 
the  Mojave  Desert  pass  over  the  low  mountain  range 
and  parch  this  favored  district."  (This  is  the  "  norther  " 
previously  mentioned.)  (Article  of  Gen.  Greely,  in 
Sci'ibner's  Magazine,  April,  1888.) 

General  Greely  speaks  from  personal  observation  and 
from  the  records  of  the  Signal  Service,  which,  I  think, 
were  limited  to  the  area  mentioned.  Precisely  the  same 
climate  is  found,  however,  from  Point  Conception  down 


COMPETENT    OBSERVERS'    VIEWS    OF    THE    CLIMATE.        115 

as  far  as  the  limit  of  the  concession  granted  by  Mexico 
to  an  English  company,  some  two  hundred  miles  south 
of  San  Diego,  and  extending  from  the  sea-shore  to  some 
distance  inland. 

Professor  Louis  Agassiz,  when  on  the  shores  of  San 
Diego  Bay,  remarked,  i;  I  have  seen  many  parts  of  the 
world.  This  is  one  of  the  favored  spots  of  the  earth, 
and  people  will  come  to  you  from  all  quarters  to  live  in 
your  genial  and  healthful  atmosphere." 

Wm.  Smith  Brown,  in  a  review  of  the  climatic  re- 
sorts of  three  continents,  alter  forty  years  spent  in  travel 
and  observation,  says:  "For  those  who  are  simply  deli- 
cate, or  inherit  a  tendency  to  consumption,  I  know  of  no 
country  where  I  should  regard  the  chances  better  for 
fair  health  and  a  prolongation  of  life  than  a  residence  in 
Southern  California."  (%i  Winter  Climatic  Resorts  of 
Three  Continents,"  in  II<<ri><'r's  Monthly  for  November, 
1887.) 

1  am  often  asked  if  these  climates  do  not  favor  rheu- 
matism. Among  the  Indians  of  the  coast  rheumatism 
is  unknown,  although  it  is  no  stranger  to  the  Indian  of 
the  Colorado  Desert,  of  Alaska,  or  the  islands  of  the 
Northern  seas.  If  the  atmosphere  had  any  tendency  to 
produce  it, — as  is  done  by  the  climate  of  Japan,  where 
it  is  only  by  the  greatest  of  care  that  their  horses  are 
exempted  from  it, — the  California  horse  would  certainly 
be  a  victim,  as  for  generations  he  lias  known  no  shelter 
or  attention;  but  a  hardier  animal  does  not  exist.  Ring- 
bone and  spavin,  that  product  of  hereditary  or  acquired 
rheumatism  so  common  elsewhere,  is  not  found  among 
them.  The  improvements  made  in  the  imported  Eastern 
breed  in  physique,  speed,  and  endurance,  when  bred  on 
tins  coast,  are  sufficiently  evident  from  the  showing 
Lately  made  on  eastern  tracks  by  California  horses. 


116  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

I  have  elsewhere  alluded  to  the  similarity  existing 
between  the  high  Peruvian  altitudes  and  the  Southern 
California  coast  in  their  climatic  conditions.  There  is 
another  similarity  in  the  matter  of  the  physical  develop- 
ment of  the  chest,  which  is  there  ascribed  to  the  rarefied 
air  of  the  altitude.  Dr.  Ward  observed  among  the 
natives  the  largest  proportionate  chests  for  their  height. 
I  have  observed  the  same  condition  with  the  natives  on 
this  coast,  their  chest  capacity  being  simply  enormous. 

The  good  effects  of  this  climate  in  developing  the 
physique  are  not  limited  to  the  original  native  population 
and  the  horse ;  its  effects  are  apparent  in  the  rising 
generation.  The  original  inhabitants  excelled  in  per- 
sonal beauty.  It  was  remarked  by  the  early  Spanish 
explorers  that  the  women  of  Southern  California  were 
very  handsome,  and  that  the  men  were  well  formed. 
Michler  also  noticed  that  the  women  were  beautifully 
developed  and  superbly  formed,  their  bodies  as  straight 
as  an  arrow.  (Bancroft,  "Native  Races.")  Beard,  in  his 
work  on  "American  Nervousness,"  ascribed  beauty  as  a 
gift  of  climate,  and  observes  the  indisputable  claim  that 
America  develops  more  beautiful  women  than  Europe, 
not  only  as  to  quality,  but  as  to  its  extent  among  the 
people.  California  bears  the  same  relation  in  this  regard 
to  the  United  States  that  the  nation  bears  to  Europe.  In 
California  personal  beauty  is  becoming  a  state  character- 
istic, and  the  Californian  will  soon  be  as  distinctive  a 
feature  and  as  celebrated  as  the  Greek. 

Charles  Dudley  Warner,  after  a  careful  investigation, 
has  pronounced  this  region  "  Our  Italy."  or  the  "  Rivi- 
era "  of  the  United  States  ;  adding  that  "  any  description 
would  fail  to  give  the  charm  of  existence  here ;  restless- 
ness disappears,  but  there  is  no  languor  or  depression." 
He  also  expresses  his  belief  that  the  Southern  California 


Ubdkb  the  Cactus  at  th«  Old  Mission,  Sam  dikuo. 


117 


118  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

summer  climate  is  as  desirable  for  pleasure-seekers  and 
for  invalids  as  that  of  winter,  and  that  the  climate  of 
winter  is  so  mild  that  one  has  not  to  make  a  continual 
fiiiht  for  life  with  the  elements,  as  elsewhere.  I  should 
advise  all  prospective  visitors  to  read  "  Our  Italy."  It 
can  be  procured  from  Harper  Brothers,  New  York,  and 
I  do  not  know  of  a  more  candid  and  plain-spoken 
honest  work  on  California. 

EFFECTS    OF   THE    CLIMATE. 

This  whole  region  enjoys  an  immunity  from  any 
endemic  diseases,  but  the  most  remarkable  being  that 
from  diseases  of  the  respiratory  organs  of  an  acute  form 
and  phthisis.  Those  who  experience  the  greatest  imme- 
diate benefit  are  those  whom  some  serious  illness  has  left 
weakly  and  broken  down,  the  wrecks  of  overwork  and 
malaria,  the  nervous  and  anaemic,  and  those  afflicted 
with  some  mild  disease  of  the  respiratory  organs.  As 
remarked  by  Beard,  those  that  begin  to  sleep  well  are 
safe  in  assuming  that  they  are  receiving  some  benefit 
from  the  climate ;  the  above  class  of  cases  generally 
sleep  well  as  soon  as  they  arrive.  Generally  speaking, 
those  coming  from  the  East  experience  an  improved  ca- 
pacity for  food  and  sleep,  with  a  general  stimulation  of 
all  the  faculties  of  animal  life ;  women,  especially,  are 
generally  improved  by  the  change.  From  my  personal 
observation  I  can  say  that  at  least  an  extra  ten  years' 
lease  of  life  is  gained  by  a  removal  to  this  coast  from  the 
Eastern  States ;  not  ten  years  to  be  added  with  its  extra 
weight  of  age  and  infirmity,  but  ten  years  more  with 
the  additional  benefit  of  feeling  ten  years  younger  during 
the  time,  for  there  is  a  rejuvenating  influence  about  the 
atmosphere  that  is  remarked  upon  and  felt  by  all  new- 
comers after  a  residence  of  several  months. 


EFFECTS    OF    THE    CLIMATE.  119 

Dr.  11.  J.  Gregg  has  related  to  me  some  cases  from 
his  practice  showing  the  almost  Incredible  results  of  our 
climate  upon  phthisis;  he,  however,  did  not  place  so  much 
stress  on  the  benefits  derived  from  the  presence  of  ozone 
as  others  have  done;  he  has  considered  it  rather  a  nervous 
and  heart  irritant.  Of  the  phthisical.  I  have  ohserved 
the  best  and  more  remarkable  results  in  the  laryngeal 
variety;  these  cases  soon  regain  their  voice,  the  less  of 
rest  and  flesh  is  replaced  by  good  sleep  and  a  gain  in 
weight,  the  countenance  gradually  loses  that  peculiar 
expression  of  physical  distress,  and  very  often,  with 
nothing  but  the  hygiene  of  common  sense  and  climate, 
the  patient  glides  into  recovered  health  almost  insensibly. 
I  had  one  case  of  this  kind,  a  young  man  who,  when  a 
child,  was  taken  to  Minnesota  on  account  of  the  tuber- 
cular manifestations.  After  some  years'  residence  there 
he  was  advised  winters  in  Florida  and  Bermuda,  with 
summers  in  the  mountains  of  New  York,  all  without 
benefit;  who  completely  recovered  his  health,  or.  rather, 
became  a  well  man.  This  was  a  remarkable  case ;  the 
disease  developing  so  early  in  childhood,  and  disappear- 
ing in  this  climate,  after  so  many  efforts  elsewhere. 

Dr.  William  A.  Edwards,  formerly  of  Philadelphia, 
now  of  San  Diego,  has  given  me  the  history  of  some  in- 
teresting cases  of  cured  laryngeal  phthisis  occurring  in 
his  practice  since  removing  to  California. 

Of  the  general  run  of  cases  of  all  varieties,  our 
banks,  stores,  and  business  men  are  largely  made  up  of 
cured  cases.  The  mechanics  and  trades  class  i^  well 
sprinkled  with  those  who  came  here  almost  hopeless. 
Of  the  physicians,  lawyers,  dentists,  and  clergymen,  it  is 
safe  to  say  that  eight  out  of  ten  originally  came  here 
for  their  health.  At  one  time  there  was  not  ;i  solitary 
physician    practicing  in   San    Diego    living    there    from 


120  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

choice.  It  was  kidney  with  one,  heart  with  another, 
larynx  with  this,  and  lungs  with  a  number;  rheumatism, 
gout,  asthma,  and  malarial  poisoning  were  all  repre- 
sented, and  not  one  felt  safe  to  leave,  some  not  daring 
even  to  go  on  a  visit,  so  well  convinced  were  they  that 
to  the  climate  they  owed  their  existence.  During  six- 
teen years  we  have  not  lost  one  from  the  ranks  of  the 
old  guard  of  invalids. 

Cases  with  haemoptysis  generally  do  well.  Dr.  Worth- 
ington,  of  Los  Angeles,  who  came  as  a  pulmonary 
invalid  with  haemoptysis,  says  he  never  despairs  of  a 
case  in  which  there  is  evidence  of  fibroid  disease,  be  it 
ever  so  extensive.  Every  physician,  whether  in  Santa 
Barbara,  Los  Angeles,  the  San  Gabriel  Valley,  or  in  San 
Diego,  has  cases  by  the  score  where  the  disease,  in  its 
incipiency,  has  been  arrested  or  cured,  even  when  serious 
inroads  had  already  been  made.  In  my  practice  I  have 
had  a  number  of  cases  of  haemoptysis  with  good  recovery. 

While  connected  with  the  Marine  Hospital  at  San 
Diego,  for  a  period  of  seven  years,  T  never  saw  an  acute 
case  of  phthisis  as  originating  on  the  California  coast, 
but  saw  a  number  of  cases  who  had  taken  a  sea-faring 
life  to  be  cured  of  it.  One  gentleman  especially,  now 
well  and  hearty,  then  and  still  now  in  the  employ  of  the 
Pacific  Coast  Steamship  Company,  some  thirteen  years 
ago  had  repeated  haemorrhages,  short,  quick  respiration, 
hectic  flush,  night-sweats — who,  in  spite  of  severe  haemor- 
rhages, as  soon  as  he  was  able  to  work,  kept  right  on  with 
his  occupation  as  freight-clerk,  and  afterward  as  purser, 
running  from  San  Diego  to  San  Francisco,  at  times 
changing  for  the  novelty  to  a  few  trips  to  Alaska,  and 
making  one  voyage  to  China  and  Japan ;  he  was  several 
years  in  improving,  but  has  been  well  repaid  for  his  per- 
severance by  now  having  a  strong,  vigorous  physique. 


Mexican  Indian,  HO  Vkaks  Old. 


122  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

Another  case  (now  the  steward  of  the  Ensenada 
steamer  Pacheco)  I  saw  some  years  ago,  with  waxy  skin, 
cedematous  legs,  with  slight  oedema  of  hands  and  face, 
very  profuse  haemorrhages,  witli  apparently  not  a  sound 
hit  of  lung,  now  fully  recovered,  and  following  his 
vocation. 

Several  years  ago  the  American  ship  Annie  Camp, 
anchored  just  inside  the  heads,  and,  on  hoarding  her,  I 
found  all  the  crew  down  with  scurvy;  one  man  had 
died  and  had  been  cast  overboard  just  outside  the  bar ; 
several  were  lying  helpless  in  their  bunks.  Seven  of  the 
crew  were  transferred  to  the  Marine  Hospital  in  a  very 
precarious  condition  ;  two  of  these  gave  all  the  indica- 
tions of  advanced  phthisis,  and  three  more  of  incipient 
phthisis ;  all  made  a  slow  recovery  except  one,  an  old 
seaman  named  Peter  Woods,  one  of  the  two  advanced 
cases.  He  was  finally  sent  to  San  Francisco,  apparently 
with  only  a  short  time  to  live,  but  still  hanging  bravely 
on.  Some  years  afterward  the  U.  S.  steamer  Hartford 
steamed  into  port,  and  I  received  a  call  from  my  former 
patient,  Peter;  spare  and  old,  but  still  a  hearty  tar,  and 
in  the  navy. 

VITAL    STATISTICS. 

From  a  carefully  prepared  table  from'  the  mortuary 
report  in  the  Health  Department's  office  at  San  Diego, 
I  can  give  some  interesting  data  for  this  city  in  this 
regard.  In  a  period  of  ten  years  there  were  258  deaths 
registered  from  phthisis.  Of  these  1  had  only  arrived 
the  day  before ;  33  were  here  from  one  to  thirty  days ; 
•±6  from  thirty  to  ninety  days ;  29  from  ninety  to  one 
hundred  and  eighty  days,  and  35  from  one  hundred  and 
eighty  to  three  hundred  and  sixty-five  days,  making  14-4 
who  died  after  from  one  to  three  hundred  and  sixty-five 
days'  residence.     Of  the  balance,   27  died  during  the 


VITAL    STATISTICS.  123 

second  year's  residence  and  18  managed  to  worry  through 
ten  years  after  coming-  here.  Of  the  remainder.  24  died 
between  the  second  and  ninth  year,  and  of  36,  although 
strangers,  no  exact  information  as  to  actual  length  of 
residence  could  be  obtained;  the  remaining  9  were  born 
in  Southern  California. 

Out  of  258  consumptives,  86  were  foreign  born. 
Canada  having  21  ;  Germany,  13;  Ireland.  13;  Mexico, 
13;  Sweden,  7 ;  England,  4 ;  Scotland,  4 ;  Switzerland, 
3 ;  Greece,  2 ;  France,  2 ;  Russia,  1  ;  Portugal,  1  ; 
China,  i. 

From  the  United  States,  New  York  furnished  24  and 
the  New  England  States  18,  the  balance  coming  from 
every  State  in  the  Union. 

There  is,  in  Southern  California,  and  especially  in 
San  Diego,  a  large  population  of  Italians,  Greeks,  French, 
Spaniards,  and  Austrians  from  the  shores  of  the  Adriatic, 
with  a  sprinkling  from  the  Mediterranean  Islands  of 
Malta  and  Minorica  and  a  number  of  Portuguese.  Out 
of  all  these  many  are  engaged  in  the  fisheries,  whaling 
and  sealing,  many  having  lived  here  for  over  twenty 
years  ;  not  one  of  the  colony  living  here  has  contracted 
phthisis,  or  died  of  any  diseases  of  the  respiratory 
organs. 

Of  the  5  from  the  above  nationalities  in  the  recorded 
deaths,  all  came  here  with  phthisis,  and  were  no  part  of 
that  population.  The  Portuguese  was  here  two  years ; 
one  of  the  French,  a  woman  of  23  years,  only  four 
months;  the  other  French,  a  man  of  GO  years,  only 
eighteen  days.  The  two  Greeks  were  here  lour  months 
and  six  months  respectively. 

There  is  something  interesting  to  us  as  physicians  in 
tht1  i)  recorded  San  Diego-born  as  dying  of  phthisis;  out 
of  the  9  deaths  only   1   was  a  male  ;  the  ages  of  the  8 


12-4  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

females  were  as  follow:  36,  27,  20,  20,  18,  17,  16,  and 
15.  At  a  meeting  of  the  San  Diego  County  Medical 
Society  I  called  attention  to  the  nature  of  these  cases,  as 
I  have  attended  a  number  in  Mexico  of  the  same  order. 
It  was  questionable  with  me  whether  they  were  really 
cases  of  phthisis,  and  whether,  from  the  nature  of  the 
beginning  of  the  illness,  they  were  not  cases  for  gynaeco- 
logical treatment,  and  whether,  if  properly  treated  in  the 
beginning  (they  never  consult  a  physician  until  too  late), 
the  disease  ever  would  end  as  it  usually  does.  If  you 
will  recall  the  ages,  they  were,  with  two  exceptions, 
young  girls.  I  am  informed  that  it  originates  with  a 
habit  they  have  of  bathing  their  feet  in  cold  water  to 
check  the  menstrual  period,  usually  the  practice  being 
followed  by  no  serious  result.  The  cases  were  attended 
at  the  end  with  a  general  break-down — the  lungs,  from 
their  importance,  doing  so  very  prominently,  hence  their 
registration  from  phthisis.  My  disbelief  that  they  were 
true  tuberculosis  is  founded  on  the  fact  that  no  one  was 
ever  infected  or  fell  a  victim  to  the  disease  by  being  with 
them,  although  the  adobe  houses,  many  with  only  soil 
floor  and  no  ventilation,  are  eminently  favorable  nurseries 
for  germs,  and  the  ill-nourished  condition  of  many  of 
the  Mexican  population  would  predispose  them  to  the 
infection. 

My  friend,  Dr.  McHatton,  who  practiced  for  many 
years  at  Mazatlan  and  elsewhere  on  the  Mexican  main- 
land, tells  me  that  phthisis  is  quite  prevalent  and  very 
fatal  with  the  native  Mexicans ;  that  when  it  begins 
with  one  of  the  family  it  takes  them  all  before  it  ends ; 
many  are  scrofulous,  ill-nourished,  living  in  total  disre- 
gard to  hygiene  of  any  kind ;  a  natural  predisposition  to 
phthisis  is  with  them. 

Knowing  all  this,  and  the  infectious   character   of 


VITAL    STATISTICS. 


1  25 


phthisis,  I  have  never  reconciled  myself  to  the  idea  of 
tubercles  in  connection  with  the  foregoing  cases,  never 
having   had   an   opportunity,  by   post-mortem   exam  in  a- 


>,  JJEejisfc^r 


*f .  i 


tion,  to  assure  myself  of  the  true  condition.  One  thing 
is  certain,  that,  it'  the}  were  tuberculous,  they  certainly 
did  not  infect  anj  one  else,  neither  did  anj  of  these  cases 


126  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

exhibit  any  bacilli  on  examination.  In  connection,  I  may 
add  that  there  are  now  on  the  Bay  of  San  Diego  several 
hundred  girls,  born  here,  from  14  years  of  age  and  up- 
ward, of  American  and  European  parentage,  and  I  do 
not  know  of  a  case  occurring  with  them  analogous  to 
these  cases. 

GENERAL    STATISTICS    AND    ADVICE. 

The  general  statistics  relating  to  deaths  from  con- 
sumption, as  given  in  many  books,  are  misleading.  Cali- 
fornia is,  necessarily,  given  a  large  percentage,  which 
signifies  nothing  more  or  less  than  so  many  have  left 
their  homes  in  a  moribund  condition.  Most  patients 
wait  until  onlv  a  stub  of  a  lung  is  left  clustered  about 
the  large  bronchial  tubes,  with  a  tubercular  liver  and  in 
the  last  stages  of  phthisical  marasmus,  and  either  come 
of  their  own  accord  or  are  shipped  off  "to  test  the  truth 
of  the  California  climate,'"  which  would  be  about  like 
giving  a  surgeon  the  remains  of  a  gun-blown  Sepoy  to 
reconstruct  into  a  healthy  Hindoo.  The  climate  can 
arrest  diseased  action  in  certain  cases,  and  prevent  its 
development  in  others.  It  can  even  prolong  the  days  of 
the  organically  demoralized,  but  it  cannot  re-animate  the 
mummified  remains  of  Rameses  II  any  more  than  it  can 
reconstruct  new  organs  where  they  have  undergone  a 
complete  structural  change  or  suppurative  destruction. 
There  is  a  time  when  an  invalid  can  come  with  what 
might  be  said  every  chance  for  a  recovery  in  his  favor; 
but  he  must  come  before  the  undertows  of  malassimila- 
tion,  malnutrition,  and  general  destruction  have  carried 
him  off  his  feet,  or  before  all  recuperative  powers  are 
completely  evaporated.  I  daily  see  patients  who  are 
leading  an  invalid  existence  who,  had  they  started  four 
or  five  months  previously,  would  have  made  a  complete 
recovery. 


GENERAL    STATISTICS    AND    ADVICE.  127 

Another  mistake  made  by  many  patients  consists  in 
their  believing  that  if  they  get  out  here  before  the  cold 
of  January  they  are  all  right.  Consumptives  do  better 
by  starting  for  California  as  soon  as  they  can,  and  there- 
by avoiding  the  .summer  heat,  variable  fall,  and  the  cold 
winter,  with  the  overheated  rooms  of  their  own  homes. 
Many  lose  their  chances  of  recovery  by  remaining  home 
during  the  summer.  My  advice,  based  on  experience,  is, 
start  as  soon  as  your  physician  thinks  you  are  in  danger. 
be  it  in  April  or  December. 

Again,  if  you  are  coming  for  your  health,  don't 
undertake  to  make  a  tourist's  picnic  out  of  your  trip.  I 
have  seen  many  who  have  done  so  wear  themselves  out 
sight-seeing.  1  have  seen  many  more  come  by  roads 
which  they  should  have  avoided  l>r<<itis<  (liey  wanted  to 
come  one  tea//  and  refeurn  l>n  another,  so  that  they  might 
see  more.  By  such  a  course  I  have  seen  many  a  patient 
aggravate  his  condition,  and  in  more  than  one  case  bring- 
on  their  first  haemorrhage  by  the  fatigue  and  exposure 
incident  on  their  want  of  proper  instruction.  Ifyouare 
after  lost  health,  attend  to  ilmt.  and  don't  convert  your- 
self into  a  tourist  or  a  picnicker,&&  you  probably  require 
more  rest  and  quiet  than  revelry  or  deviled  ham-sand- 
wiches,  hard-boiled  eggs,  and  picnic  pies  or  cakes.  Make 
it  your  sole  business  to  attend  to  what  you  left  your  home 
and  friends  for — the  regaining  of  your  health.  Keep  out 
of  crowded  halls,  churches,  and  parties  ;  cat  regularly,go 
to  bed  regularly,  dress  conveniently,  live  generously,  be 
patient;  do  not  expect  to  he  transformed  into  a  Samson 
or  a  Goliath  in  three  weeks ;  expect  ups  and  downs;  stay 
in  the  open  air  as  much  as  possible;  be  rational;  don't 
lie,  like  a  Strasburg  goose,  broiling  your  liver  in  a  "  sun 
bath;"  and.  if  there  is  any  "build  up"  to  you,  it  will 
come  at  its  proper  time. 


ALTITUDES  AND  SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA 
RESORTS. 

Helen  Hunt  Jackson  has  well  said  that,  climatically 
speaking,  the  California  of  the  South  was  an  island  on 
land,  so  completely  insulated  is  it  from  the  influence  of 
any  of  the  surrounding  climates.  As  observed  by  the 
talented  and  lamented  authoress  above  ([noted.  "Climate 
is  to  a  country  what  temperament  is  to  a  man. — Fate. 
The  figure  is  not  so  fanciful  as  it  seems  ;  for  temperament, 
broadly  defined,  may  be  said  to  be  that  which  determines 
the  point  of  view  of  a  man's  mental  and  spiritual  vision, 
— in  other  words,  the  light  in  which  he  sees  things.  And 
the  word  "climate'  is.  primarily,  simply  a  statement  of 
bounds  defined  according  to  the  obliquity  of  the  sun's 
course  relative  !<>  the  horizon. — in  other  words,  the  slant 
of  the  sun.  The  tropics  are  tropic  because  the  sun  shines 
down  too  straight.  In  the  temperate  zone  the  sun  strikes 
the  earth  too  much  aslant.  There  area  few  spots  on  the 
globe  where  the  conditions  of  the  country  override  these 
laws,  and  do  away  with  these  lines  of  discrimination  in 
favors.  Floridn.  Italy,  the  south  of  France  and  of  Spain, 
a  few  islands,  and  Southern  California  complete  the  list." 

It  was  practically  the  same  view  of  the  subjec!  that 
induced  the  late  scientist,  Professor  Louis  Agassiz,  when 
on  the  shores  of  Southern  California,  to  observe,  "  I 
have  seen  man)  parts  of  the  world;  this  is  one  of  the 
favored  spots  of  the  earth."  Charles  Dudley  Warner, 
in  "Our  Italy."  writing  under  the  inspiration  of  these 
unique  climatic  conditions,  said:  "  There  ia  a  geniality 
about  it  for  which  the  thermometer  does  not  account,  a 
charm    which    it    is    difficult    to   explain.      Much    of  the 

9  (129) 


130  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

agreeability  is  duo  to  artificial  conditions,  but  the  climate 
man  has  not  made  nor  marred.  It  is  a  true  marine  climate, 
but  a  peculiar  and  dry  marine  climate,  as  tonic  in  its 
effect  as  that  of  Capri,  and,  I  believe,  with  fewer  harsh 
days  in  the  winter  season."  Gen.  A.  W.  Greely,  Chief 
of  the  United  States  Signal  Service,  an  occasional  visitor 
to  these  shores  of  continued  spring,  calls  attention  to  the 
very  peculiar  and  insulated  condition  of  the  climate  of 
the  section  in  an  interesting  article  in  Scribner,s  Magazine 
for  April,  1888,  to  which  the  reader  is  referred. 

One  great  peculiarity  in  this  climate  is  the  far  inland 
influence  of  the  marine  climatic  characteristics,  made  so 
by  the  aspirating  influences  of  the  great  upward  currents 
of  overheated  air  arising  from  the  glistening  and  arid 
wastes  of  sand  of  the  Mojave  and  Colorado  Deserts, 
which  during  the  hours  of  sunshine  keep  a  steady  stream 
of  sea-air  flowing  eastward  and  upward  from  the  shores, 
through  valley  and  over  hill  and  mountain,  until  it  dis- 
appears over  the  mountain-crests  to  sink  into  the  deserts. 
This  result  of  a  very  peculiar  combination,  of  what 
might  be  called  the  elements  of  the  physical  geographi- 
cal make-up  of  Southern  California,  tends  in  a  great 
measure  to  modify  the  effects  of  our  altitudes,  which  are 
only  altitudes  as  elsewhere  in  a  barometric  sense,  and 
hygrometrically  in  having  at  times  a  somewhat  drier 
air;  the  sea-breeze,  as  a  rule,  parting  with  a  part  of  its 
moisture  as  it  journeys  along  with  its  load  of  ocean 
humidity  from  the  sea-shores  to  the  mountain-crests. 

A  winter  or  summer  passed  in  Southern  California 
has  generally  been  associated  with  Santa  Barbara,  Santa 
Monica,  Long  Beach,  lledondo,  Carlsbad,  Coronado 
Beach,  or  San  Diego,  all  stations  at  sea-level,  or  with 
the  low  elevations  at  less  than  300  feet,  like  at  Los 
Angeles,  Escondido,  or  any  of  the  low-lying  inland  val- 


ALTITUDES    AND    SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA    RESORTS.       131 

leys  among  the  first  ranges  of  hills;  hence,  any  reference 
to  its  climate,  either  for  pleasure  or  health, — to  those 
unacquainted    with    Southern     California, — brings    up 


Boy  and  Fern; 


visions  of  low,  warm  sea-coasts  or  summer  seas,  and, 
owing  to  our  southerly  latitude,  of  a  warm,  steamy, 
relaxing  atmosphere,  with  never  a  though!  of  the  exist- 
ence of  medium  and  high  altitudes,  where  the  air  is  as 


132  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

rarefied  as  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado,  Idaho,  or  of 
Montana  ;  or  where  the  scenery  rivals  that  of  the  Swiss 
or  Bavarian  Alps.  Even  those  who  have  wintered  at 
San  Diego  season  after  season,  but  who  have  never  gone 
out  of  sight  of  its  bay,  have  left  in  ignorance  and  are 
incredulous  of  the  wealth  of  forests  of  pines  and  of  firs, 
of  the  grassy  meadows,  thick  masses  of  wild  roses  and 
underbrush,  clear  lakes  and  babbling  brooks,  filled  with 
speckled  trout,  that  lie  hid  between  the  sea  and  the 
seemingly  near  but  yet  far  mountain-crests  to  the  north 
and  east.  Unseen  and  unsuspected,  these  altitudes, 
nevertheless,  exist.  At  Santa  Barbara  and  San  Buena- 
ventura they  are  close  to  the  coast ;  they  recede  as  Los 
Angeles  is  approached,  and  with  the  Santa  Rosa  Moun- 
tains, about  midway  toward  San  Diego,  they  again  near 
the  coast.  With  the  Santa  Margarita  range,  the  high- 
lands again  recede  inland,  describing  a  huge  semicircle, 
with  the  convexity  of  the  arc  toward  the  rising  sun, 
leaving  a  vast  stretch  of  plain  and  valley  between  the 
sea  and  the  foot-hills  in  the  latitude  of  San  Diego. 
Below  the  boundary-line,  in  Mexico,  the  mountains 
again  approach  the  sea. 

Among  these  elevations  are  to  be  found  not  only  all 
the  peculiarities  of  soil,  scenery,  and  climate  that  belong 
to  the  heather-clad  hills  of  Scotland,  but  the  peculiarities 
of  the  Appenine  slopes ;  those  of  the  fertile  valleys  of 
Northern  Italy,  of  the  fir-clad  hills  of  Norway,  and  the 
aseptic-atmosphered  Swiss  Alps  resorts  of  Davos  or  of 
Andermatt  are  here  as  faithfully  reproduced,  without, 
however,  any  of  the  attendant  discomforts  of  the  long- 
lasting  winter  mantle  of  snow  or  piercing  Alpine  zephyrs, 
that  make  some  seasons  anything  but  seasons  of  comfort 
in  some  of  the  latter-named  localities.  Snow  does  cer- 
tainly fall  in  Southern  California  on  the  higher  altitudes, 


134  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

but  at  elevations  of  from  4000  to  5000  and  G000  feet  it 
docs  not  remain  long ;  the  warm,  semi-tropical  sun  of  the 
latitude  soon  causes  its  disappearance.  At  the  above 
elevations  snow  does  not  fall  even  every  winter  ;  but  on 
the  northerly  declivities  of  Mount  San  Bernardino  and 
Mount  San  Jacinto,  at  an  elevation  of  11,000  feet,  snow- 
does  not  only  fall,  but  often  lingers  on  until  late  into  the 
summer. 

Varying  elevations,  with  considerable  thermometric 
differences  in  the  day  and  night  temperature,  can  be 
found  at  Santa  Barbara,  Los  Angeles,  and  San  Diego,  in 
different  parts  of  the  same  town,  being,  when  high, 
cooler  in  the  day  and  warmer  at  night;  besides  the  dif- 
ferent effects  that  a  difference  of  100  or  200  feet  eleva- 
tion and  difference  in  barometric  pressure  may  produce 
in  persons  of  more  than  usual  nervous  sensitiveness, — 
something  that  I  have  more  than  once  noticed  and  ob- 
served  to  act  beneficially  by  changing  in  either  direction, 
in  cases  of  insomnia  and  slight  neuralgic  affections.  In 
this  regard  I  may  state  that  I  have  found  elevations 
above  the  surroundings  to  have  a  move  beneficial  effect 
on  patients — especially  the  decidedly  neurotic — than  the 
mere  elevation  above  sea-level ;  so  that  elevation  above 
the  immediate  surroundings  must  not  be  overlooked,  as 
there  is  a  vast  difference  in  the  chemical  constituents  of 
the  air  and  of  its  constant  thermometric  and  hygrometric 
condition  found  between  the  atmospheres  of  such  locali- 
ties,— conditions  which  are  more  effective  for  good  or  evil 
than  the  difference  in  mere  barometric  pressure.  In  fact, 
I  know  of  many  cases  wherein  the  good  or  evil  effects 
of  the  former  have  been  attributed  to  the  latter.  In 
many  localities  I  have  seen  orange-  and  lemon-  trees 
growing  luxuriantly  at  certain  elevations,  where  a  descent 
of  half  a  dozen  or  more  miles,  to  valleys  some  1500  feet 


ALTITUDES    AND    SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA    RESORTS.       135 

lower    toward  sea-level,   neither    the    orange    or  lemon 
would  thrive. 

Entering  the  western  or  inhabited  parts  of  Southern 
California  at  Barstow,  we  find  ourselvesat  an  altitude  of 
2105  feet;  from  this  point  the  railroad  goes  upward  to 
the  summit  of  the  range,  where  an  elevation  of  3819 
feel  is  readied, — a  locality  where  at  times  there  falls  as 
much  as  28  inches  of  rain  in  twenty-four  hours;  here  the 
road  descends  to  the  southward,  passing  the  famous 
Arrowhead  Hot  Springs  and  hotel,  at  an  elevation  of 
2000  feet  ;  925  feet  lower  than  this  resort  the  train 
reaches  San  Bernardino.  If  we  enter  the  region  from 
the  Yuma  route,  the  traveler  first  conies  to  Banning,  on 
the  confines  of  the  Colorado  Desert,  at  an  elevation  of 
2317  feet;  a  slight  ascent  brings  us  to  Beaumont,  at  an 
elevation  of  2560  feet — a  locality  noted  for  its  good 
accommodations,  and  for  its  remarkably  dry  and  bracing 
air — a  perfect  haven  for  the  asthmatic  and  the  rheumatic. 
From  this  station,  as  in  the  cast1  of  the  northern  route, 
the  descent  is  made  rapidly  to  Colton,  some  three  miles 
to  the  south  of  San  Bernardino,  Colton  being  at  an  ele- 
vation of  0(55  l'eet.  Following  the  two  routes  toward 
Los  Angeles,  we  find  that  the  stations  on  the  north  side 
of  the  valley  are  somewhat  at  a  higher  elevation  than 
those  on  the  south  side.  Among  these  stations  we  find 
Riverside,  which  stands  at  990,  Pasadena  829,  Pomona 
875,  Ontario  081,  and  Los  Angeles  at.  293  feet  eleva- 
tion. The  city  of  Los  Angeles  is  situated  at,  ;i  some- 
what higher  elevation  than  293  feet,  which  is  that  of 
the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad-Station,  many  of  the 
residences  being  situated  on  ground  from  lot)  to  200  feet 
higher.  Northward  from  Los  Angeles  the  railroad 
passes  through  a  series  of  elevations  to  Tehaehapi.  on 
the   crest    of  the    northerly    range   of  mountains,   at   an 


136  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

elevation  of  4025  feet.  Dr.  Walter  Lindley,  in  speaking 
of  the  vicinity  of  Newhall,  which  stands  at  an  elevation 
of  1265  feet, — the  lowest  point  on  the  plains  in  which  it 
stands, — mentions  that  the  average  elevation  of  the  plain 
on  which  it  is  situated  is  about  2500  feet.  Here,  the 
Doctor  tells  us,  we  have  cooler  winters  and  warmer  sum- 
mers than  in  Los  Angeles,  and  that  the  air  is  of  such  an 
extreme  degree  of  dryness  that  fruits  are  brought  to 
Newhall  in  large,  flat  cars  from  the  north  and  allowed 
to  remain  side-tracked  only  for  the  purpose  of  drying ; 
during  some  seasons,  so  great  is  this  industry  that  the 
locality  looks  like  the  encampment  of  an  army.  This 
arid-atmosphered  region  is  not  devoid  of  attractions,  as 
Dr.  Lindley  tells  us  that  Elizabeth  Lake  covers  an  area, 
of  some  600  acres,  and  that  in  the  vicinity,  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  3700  feet,  are  a  number  of  smaller  lakes,  sur- 
rounded by  a  very  fertile  country  ;  the  neighborhood  of 
these  lakes  abounds  in  ducks,  geese,  deer,  rabbits,  and 
quails. 

From  Newhall  the  Santa  Barbara  branch  of  the 
railroad  descends  slowly  to  the  westward  in  the  direc- 
tion of  Santa  Barbara  and  the  ocean.  The  Ojai  Valley 
opens  toward  the  sea  from  the  north  as  the  road  passes 
its  neighborhood,  stages  meeting  the  travelers  at  the 
station  to  take  them  up  into  the  valley.  Dr.  A.  B. 
Stuart,  whom  I  formerly  well  knew  in  Minnesota,  re- 
sided in  this  valley  for  a  time,  and  has  given  me  the  most 
glowing  accounts  of  its  charming  and  salubrious  climate, 
which  he  likened  to  that  of  the  Yale  of  Temple  in  the 
classical  age  of  ancient  Greece.  My  friend  and  class- 
mate, Dr.  Cephas  L.  Bard,  who  has  practiced  in  the 
neighborhood  for  over  twenty-five  years,  has  likened  the 
Ojai  Valley  to  a  terrestrial  paradise.  This  valley  is 
really  one  of  the  charming  spots  of  Southern  California  ; 


Tall  ii.i 


138  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

well  wooded  and  watered,  easy  of  access  and  near  to  the 
sea,  with  its  orchards  and  homes,  it  forms  a  picture  not 
to  be  forgotten. 

Turning-  to  the  southward  there  is  a  road  running 
from  San  Bernardino  into  San  Jacinto,  which  stands  at 
an  altitude  of  1400  feet.  From  this  thriving  railroad- 
station  a  wagon-road  takes  the  traveler  up  into  the 
Strawberry  Valley,  at  an  altitude  of  5200  feet.  Here 
we  find  picturesque  forests  of  pine  and  fir,  stretches  of 
rich  meadows,  and  strips  of  thickly-bushed  land.  From 
this  valley  a  series  of  paths  and  trails  lead  to  Tauquitz 
Valley,  some  7500  feet  in  elevation.  Dr.  Lindley  de- 
scribes this  valley  as  an  enchanted  locality,  "  a  magnifi- 
cent combination  of  forest  and  grassy  plains."  Ascend- 
ing still  higher,  to  9000  feet  above  sea-level,  the  traveler 
enters  a  beautiful  meadow  traversed  by  a  mountain- 
stream  ;  this  is  the  entrance  to  the  Tamarack  Valley. 
Giant  pines  and  stately  his,  with  stretches  of  grassy 
meadows  covered  with  flowers,  characterize  the  scenery 
of  this  valley.  Still  higher,  and  an  elevation  of  10,300 
feet  is  reached,  where  a  small  plain  affords  fine  camping- 
facilities  ;  800  feet  above  the  level  of  this  plain  stands 
the  highest  peak  of  the  mountain — 11,100  feet  above 
the  sea.  Many  former  invalids,  victims  of  haemorrhages, 
hepatized  lung,  and  of  the  many  ills  that  go  to  make 
up  the  list  of  pulmonary  diseases,  have  found  a  home 
and  lost  their  ailments  in  the  hills  and  valleys  that  skirt 
this  mountain. 

From  Los  Angeles,  railroads  go  to  Santa  Monica,  Long- 
Beach,  Redondo  Beach,  and  southward  to  San  Diego. 
Along  this  latter  route  the  stations  stand,  as  a  rule,  at 
less  than  200  feet  elevation,  being  mostly  in  low  valleys  or 
close  to  the  sea-shore.  From  any  of  these  stations  roads 
lead  up  past  the  valleys  and  into  the  hills.     From  Ocean- 


ALTITUDES   AND    SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA    RESORTS.       139 

side,  at  the  mouth  of  the  San  Luis  Rey  Valley,  good  wagon- 
roads  go  to  Pala,  the  seat  of  one  of  the  second  or  inland 
line  of  missions  established  by  the  Franciscan  friars  in 
the  foot-hills  near  to  the  Agua  Tibia  Springs.  To  the 
north  of  Oceanside,  on  the  Temecula  Canon  route?  in  the 
Santa  Rosa  Mountains,  the  scenery  reminds  one  of  the 
upper  valley  of  the  Po,  in  Northern  Italy,  in  its  valleys, 
and  of  the  Tyrolese  Alps  in  its  mountains.  Whatever 
barrenness  may  accompany  the  many  hill-sides  and  plains 
or  the  masses  of  granite  mountains  that  are  to  be  met  in 
various  parts  of  Southern  California,  along  the  many 
railroad  routes,  it  must  not  be  overlooked  that  they 
do  not  as  yet  penetrate  into  the  elevations  or  high- 
lands, where  an  entirely  different  condition  of  scenery 
exists,  and  which  are  as  yet  only  reached  by  wagon- 
roads. 

A i  San  Diego  the  foot-hills  are  at  a  considerable  dis- 
tance in  the  interior,  the  interval  being  taken  up  by  a 
series  of  plains  and  valleys  separated  by  ranges  of  low 
hills.  From  this  point  roads  lead  into  the  interior  and 
into  Mexico;  bv  rail  one  ma v  go  to  the  first  range  of 
the  foot-hills  directly  to  the  eastward,  and  by  a  motor- 
road  to  the  Mexican  boundary-line  and  to  the  Sweetwater 
Lake,  where  is  situated  the  great  dam  of  that  name  ; 
the  motor  going  a  few  miles  to  the  eastward  of  the  dam, 
takes  the  traveler  to  the  foot  of  the  Jamul  Valley,  a  lo- 
cality of  less  than  1000  feet  elevation,  and  which  pro- 
duces the  finest  oranges  in  the  States.  Alpine  is  a 
favorite  health  resort,  at  an  elevation  of  2200  feel  east- 
ward from  San  Diego,  and  the  Cuyamaca  and  interven- 
ing valleys,  at  varying  elevations  from  1  sOO  to  4500  feet, 
are  favorite  resorts  for  invalids,  tourists,  and  campers. 
Fisher's  Hotel,  near  the  Santa  Ysabel  Valley,  at  an 
elevation  of  about  2000  feet,  is  a  favorite  resort. 


140  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

ARE    ALTITUDES    NECESSARY    TO   THE    CONSUMPTIVE'? 

Speaking  in  a  medical  sense,  and  viewing  altitudes  in 
a  therapeutic  light, it  must  not  be  overlooked  that  man} 
pulmonary  invalids  have  but  too  often  some  cardiac  or 
renal  difficulty  as  a  primary  affection  or  starting-point 
for  the  phthisical  condition ;  and,  whilst  to  the  simply 
hereditary  tubercular,  or  to  some  cases  of  incipient  tuber- 
culosis, even  the  elevation  of  Tamarack  Valley  may  be 
of  essential  benefit,  it  requires,  a  nice  discrimination 
and  a  broad-minded  view  of  cases,  taken  in  all  their 
aspects,  not  to  send  a  man  even  to  a  2500-foot  elevation 
when  his  better  chance  for  life  remains  in  his  sticking-  to 
sea-level.  The  condition  of  the  heart  and  kidneys  is  often 
of  more  importance  than  that  of  the  lung.  In  this  con- 
nection Professor  Hirsch,  of  Berlin,  in  commenting  upon 
the  climate  and  altitude  cure  of  consumption,  asks  us 
not  to  forget,  in  our  warfare  against  the  bacillus  or  a 
phthisical  lung,  that  we  have  a  sick  man  besides  to  look 
after — something  which  is  too  often  neglected  and  over- 
looked. Redner,  at  the  same  meeting  (the  Tenth  Inter- 
national Medical  Congress),  also  observed  ''that  in  con- 
sidering climate  we  should  not  confine  our  attention  to 
the  question  whether  the  bacillus  can  live  there  or  not, 
or  even  breed  spores  or  not ;  but  that  Ave  should  rather 
turn  our  inquiries  into  what  is  the  effect  of  the  climatic 
conditions  on  the  general  health  of  the  individual  and  on 
his  resisting  powers."  Dr.  Huggard.  of  Davos,  who  took 
part  in  the  discussion  that  followed  the  reading  of  a 
climatic  paper  by  the  writer,  observed  that  we  paid  too 
much  attention  to  precise  meteorological  conditions  on 
the  one  hand,  and  to  the  too  precise  morbid  physical 
condition  on  the  other,  and  not  enough  to  the  general 
resistive  force  or  power  of  tissue  change  in  the  patient. 


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141 


142  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

EXAMPLES    FURNISHED    BY    THE    ANAIIUAC    PLATEAU. 

Quoting  from  Jourdanet,  in  regard  to  the  highlands 
on  the  Analmac  Plateau,  we  observe  that  diseases  there 
assume  a  greater  fatality,  owing  to  the  less  resisting 
powers  of  the  system.  Furthermore,  we  there  learn 
that  rheumatic  and  heart  affections,  pneumonia,  pleurisy, 
diarrhoea,  and  dysentery,  and,  lastly,  uterine  diseases 
are  all  quite  prevalent.  Typhus  fever  there  assumes,  at 
times,  the  form  of  a  virulent  endemic  disease,  and  seems 
at  all  times  to  stand  ready  to  assail  its  victim  when  he  is 
already  handicapped  by  some  of  the  other  diseases  above 
mentioned. 

Now,  the  plateau  of  Anahuac,  on  which  is  situated 
the  City  of  Mexico,  stands  at  an  elevation  of  over  6000 
feet,  and  is  probably  as  well  favored,  in  a  climatic 
point  of  view,  as  any  like  altitude ;  the  temperature 
being,  on  the  whole,  temperate,  and  with  the  exercise 
of  judgment,  choice  can  be  made  with  regard  to  point 
of  compass  exposure  and  residence  location,  so  as  to 
render  the  immediate  surrounding  atmosphere  as  equable 
as  possible. 

If  mere  altitude  is,  therefore,  so  beneficial  ami 
desirable  as  it  is  represented  to  be,  it  should,  on  these 
plains,  exhibit  its  benefits  to  the  best  advantage;  it 
makes,  on  the  contrary,  quite  a  different  showing,  as, 
in  addition  to  the  classes  of  diseases  above  named,  we 
learn  that  digestion  is  there  carried  on  but  with  diffi- 
culty, and  that  the  prevailing  anaemia  and  muscular  de- 
bility— lack  of  physical  tone  and  vigor — and  mental  lan- 
guor do  not  make  the  plateau  a  desirable  residence  locality, 
especially  when  we  are  told  that  these  low  and  morbid 
conditions  of  physical  and  functional  life  disappear  on  de- 
scending to  lower  levels  or  in  ascending  to  El  Guarda, — 


AERIAL-VOYAGE    METEOROLOGY.  143 

some  2000  feet  higher, — all  of  which  emphasizes  the 
need  of  considering-  locality  as  something  of  importance. 

AERIAL-VOYAGE    METEOROLOGY    NOT    APPLICABLE    TO 
TERRA    FIRMA. 

Considerable  confusion  has  been  introduced  into  the 
subject  of  medical  climatology  by  the  introduction  into 
its  discussion  of  details  which  can  have  no  possible  bear- 
ing upon  each  other.  For  instance,  we  often  see  refer- 
ences made  to  Glaisher's  tables  and  experiments ;  while 
I  admit  the  skill,  perseverance,  courage,  and  devotion  of 
M.  Glaisher  in  the  cause  of  science,  and  do  not  pretend 
to  deny  the  very  important  bearing  that  his  discoveries 
and  observations  may  have  in  their  proper  and  appro- 
priate application,  I  must  object  to  their  indiscriminate 
use  in  connection  with  medical  climatology  on  land  ; 
here  we  have  factors,  that  are  absent  in  aerial  meteor- 
ology, which  completely  alter  matters.  Glaisher  him- 
self observes  that  different  observations — owing  to  the 
character  and  condition  of  clouds,  mist.  etc. — do  not 
always  give  anything  like  the  same  relative  condition  of 
humidity  at  the  same  distance  from  the  ground ;  a 
humidity,  he  finds,  which  also  differs  materially  in  differ- 
ent localities,  irrespective  of  altitude.  Nothing  is  of 
more  interest  to  read  than  his  graphic  description  of  his 
noted  ascent,  on  the  5th  of  September,  1862,  from 
Wolverhampton,  to  an  elevation  of  29,000  feet,  where 
lie  and  his  plucky  assistant.  Mr.  Coxwell,  ncarh  losl 
their  lives.  His  "Voyages  Aeriens"  is  full  <>i'  interesl 
and  information;  but  it  must  be  clearlj  discernible  that. 
to  apply  his  deductions  in  mid-air  to  the  atmosphere  en 
terra  firma,  we  musl  firsl  decide  to  ignore  thai  the  earth, 
trees,  houses,  and  other  surroundings,  with  the  slant  of 
the  land,  in  reference  to  the  point  of  the  compass,  and 


144  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

the  proximity  and  the  character  of  bodies  of  water  in  the 
vicinity,  have  of  themselves  any  modifying  or  factorial 
influence.  It  is  straying  away  altogether  too  much  from 
the  principles  of  inductive  or  deductive  philosophy  and 
tending  too  much  to  dabbling  in  the  speculative  to  intro- 
duce too  much  aerial  meteorology  into  that  of  terra 
firma. 

A  south  room  in  a  brick  building  lias  not  only  the 
difference  that  the  sun  gives  during  the  day,  but  the 
additional  difference  that  the  warm  walls  impart  to  the 
apartment  during  the  night, — a  difference  that  may 
hold  for  days,  even  when  the  sky  is  overcast.  Of  what 
possible  advantage  would  it  be  to  know  the  exact  tem- 
perature of  the  air  or  its  hygromctric  condition  in  mid- 
air some  200  feet  above  the  street  I  Neither  the  well 
nor  the  invalid  are  supposed  to  make  a  balloon  ascen- 
sion,— either  for  a  residence  or  for  pleasure.  What  we 
wish  to  know  is  the  status  of  the  air  in  the  locality  in 
irltich  he  dwells ;  in  fact,  we  want  to  push  our  inquiries 
to  the  fullest  extent,  as  implied  in  Angus  Smith's  expres- 
sion, "  the  chemistry  of  climate,"  concerning  the  air  in 
which  he  sleeps  and  habitually  lives.  Air  of  altitudes 
should  be  judged  by  the  same  principle  as  we  would 
analyze  a  cellar-air — neither  more  nor  less — and  not  by 
balloon  meteorology,  and  on  the  result  of  these  investi- 
gations we  should,  base  our  opinion  and  advice. 

CALIFORNIA    ELEVATIONS    DO    NOT    DIFFER   MEDICALLY 
FROM    THE    LOWLANDS. 

Southern  California  elevations  have  this  in  their 
favor,  in  regard  to  pulmonary  affections :  pneumonia,  as 
will  be  more  fully  explained,  does  not  occur,  either  as  an 
accidental,  intercurrent,  or  traumatic  disease ;  nor  is  it 
ever   seasonably  endemic.     The    above  applies    to    the 


CASES   OF    CHEST    WOUNDS    AND    RECOVERIES.  145 

immediate  sea-shore, — medium  elevations,  as  well  as  to 
the  highest  altitudes.  In  the  mountains,  with  warm 
days  and  cold  nights,  many  follow  the  occupation  of 
mining, — going  down  into  deep  shafts  and  into  tunnels, 
where  the  atmosphere  is  damp  and  the  temperature  is 
necessarily  high  ;  and,  although  1  have  practiced  to  a 
considerable  extent  among  the  mining  class,  this  form 
of  disease  does  not  appear  on  my  note-hook  as  occurring 
amongst  them.  I  have  attended  a  number  of  cases  of 
accidents,  fractured  ribs,  knife  wounds,  and  gunshot 
wounds  of  the  chesl  implicating  the  lungs,  with  but  a 
single  case  of  resulting  pneumonia. 

REMARKABLE  CASES   OF  CHEST  WOUNDS   AND   RECOVERIES. 

One  case  in  particular  was  that  of  J.  C,  aged  50 

years,  who.  in  a  fit  of  irascibility,  struck  at  an  Indian 
with  his  clubbed  shot-gun,  which  had  been  previously 
well  and  generously  loaded  with  slugs  and  buck-shot 
lor  that  particular  Indian.  The  Indian  parried  the  blow 
with  a  shovel,  which,  catching  on  the  hammer,  dis- 
charged the  contents  of  the  gun  into  the  left  breast  of 
the  holder  of  the  gun.  The  charge  struck  jusl  below  the 
apex  of  the  heart,  carrying  into  the  lung  a  miscellaneous 
assortment  of  cloth,  wadding,  lining,  shirting,  flannel, 
lead,  paper,  and  burning  powder.  The  muzzle  of  the 
gun  net,  being  more  than  a  few  inches  from  the  person, 
the  wound  of  exit  was  necessarily  some  three  inches  or 
more  in  diameter,  through  which  protruded  tern  Lung 
and  muscle  and  a  quantity  of  broken  bones.  Some  of 
the  clothing  was  taken  out  through  the  posterior  wound, 
which  was  situated  about  two  inches  below  the  angle  of 
the  scapula  and  a  little  to  the  left  of  the  spine,  but  much 
more  came  out.  or  rather  up.  h\  the  mouth.  The  haem- 
orrhage from   both  wounds   and    the  mouth  was  profuse, 


146 


SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 


and  for  a  time  threatened  to  extinguish  the  patient.     I 
saw  the  man  soon  after  the  accident,  and  lie  made  a 


rapid  recovery ;  so  that  in  the  course  of  four  weeks   he 
was  out  on  mule-back.     This  case  occurred  at  an  alti- 


CASES    OF   CHEST    WOUNDS    AN!)    RECOVERIES.  147 

hide  of  4000  feet.     I  have  notes'  of  several  other  ca 
of  gunshot  and  pistol-ball  wounds  penetrating  the  lung, 
occurring  in  the  mountains. — some  with  and  many  more 
without  haemorrhage,  but  without  a  single  occurrence 
of  pneumonia. 

I  also  have  notes  of  the  ease  of  a  sealer,  acci- 
dentally shot  on  one  of  the  sealing  islands  off  the 
coast.  The  ball — a  large,  expansive  rifle-bullet,  which 
had  already  passed  through  the  head  of  a  seal — glancing 
from  the  water's  surface,  shot  upward  toward  the  rocks 
on  which  stood  one  of  the  crew;  the  shot  struck  the 
man  on  the  ninth  rib,  near  its  articulation  with  the 
spine.  It  fractured  the  rib,  traversed  the  lung,  and  im- 
bedded itself  in  the  anterior  wall  of  the  chest.  The  man 
was  at  once  taken  to  the  vessel  and  brought  to  San 
Diego.  The  haemorrhage  was  great,  but  the  man  made 
a  rapid  recovery . 

Some  sixteen  years  ago  I  had  an  opportunity,  not 
often  afforded,  of  making  an  examination  in  the  case  of 
a  traversing  gunshot  wound  of  the  lung  immediately 
after  recovery.  Hennen,  in  his  "Military  Surgery," 
laments  never  having  had  such  an  opportunity,  as  the 
sudden  death  of  a  person  who  has  just  made  a  perfect 
recovery  after  an  extensive  wound  of  the  above  order, 
and  who  is.  besides,  in  otherwise  good  physical  health,  is, 
to  say  the  least,  a  remarkably  rare  occurrence.  In  the 
above  case  it  happened  in  thiswise:  A  murder  had  been 
committed  some  thirty  miles  to  the  north  of  San  Diego  ; 
the  crime  was  traced  to  a  Mexican  and  an  Indian.  In 
attempting  to  arrest  the  latter — who  was  armed  and  in- 
trenched in  a  defensive  position  in  the  hills — he  was  shot 
through  the  left  breast  by  a  rifle-ball,  which,  striking 
near  the  left  nipple,  went  straightly  through  the  lung, 
going  through   the  posterior  client-wall  and   imbedding 


148  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

itself  in  the  fleshy  mass  of  muscles  in  the  back  between 
the  spine  and  the  shoulder-blade,  where  it  was  removed 
on  his  arrival  at  the  jail,  some  hours  a i 'tor ward.  In  its 
passage  the  ball  had  evidently  severed  some  large  vessel, 
as  the  haemorrhage  was  very  severe  and  apt  to  recur 
on  the  least  provocation.  The  jail-room  is  a  large, 
quadrangular  apartment,  partly  below  ground,  in  the 
north  side  of  the  court-house,  witli  high  windows  to  the 
cast,  and  west,  and  witli  an  asphaltum  pavement.* 

In  this  large  room  he  was  placed  on  a  cot,  the  rest  of 
the  prisoners  occupying  bunks  in  the  cells  or  iron  tanks 
which  were  grouped  in  the  central  space.  Dr.  T.  C. 
Stockton,  of  San  Diego,  assisted  at  the  examination  of 
the  patient,  at  the  extraction  of  the  ball,  through  the 
subsequent  treatment,  and  at  the  autopsy  that  followed 
immediately  after  his  execution  by  hanging.  The  wounds 
of  entrance  and  exit  were  easily  discernible  from  their 
fresh,  cicatricial  appearance  ;  diametrically  corresponding 
to   these  was   a   thin,  membranous,  stringy-like    tissue, 

*  In  connection  with  this  partly  basement,  asphaltum-paved,  often-washed,  and 
therefore  often-damp,  north-exposed  jail-room.  I  have  had  a  number  of  peculiar 
experiences.  G.,  a  man  of  50,  phthisical,  both  lungs  affected,  had  been  subject  to 
haemorrhages  lie  fore  coining  to  .Southern  California,  having  hectic  fever  and  daily 
afternoon  rise  of  temperature,  night-sweats,  copious  expectoration,  and  harassing 
cough:  was  living  on  a  ranch,  at  an  altitude  of  18U0feet;  was  very  irritable  and  with 
but  little  appetite;  digestion  poor.  While  in  this  condition,  and  at  his  home,  in  an 
irascible  moment,  provoked  by  a  person  against  whom  he  felt  a  strong,  natural 
antipathy,  he  shot  his  offender,  breaking  his  arm.  Being  arrested  for  this  offense,  he 
was  lodged  in  jail,  where  he  remained  for  several  months.  In  this  interval  he  lost  his 
cough,  night-sweats,  expectoration,  hectic,  and  all  unfavorable  symptoms;  gained  in 
appetite,  digestion,  assimilation,  and  weight,  as  well  as  in  strength  and  endurance.  I 
examined  him  just  before  his  discharge,  and  all  phthisical  signs  had  disappeared  from 
either  lung. 

I  have  seen  a  number  of  somewhat  similar  results  with  other  chest  eases  among 
prisoners  confined  in  the  same  jail,  and  while  I  would  hardly  counsel  a  consumptive 
to  become  hilariously  and  recklessly  criminal,  that  he  might  be  confined  in  the  San 
I  >iegO  <  'ounty  .Tail,  as  in  a  sanitarium,  it  would  lie  wise  for  that  (Mass  to  fully  appre- 
ciate that  the  thorough  ventilation,  cool  atmosphere,  enforced  hygiene,  regular 
hours,  and  diet  inseparable  from  a  sojourn  in  this  particular  jail  can  be  duplicated 
with  equal  benefit  elsewhere.  The  court-house  is  situated  in  a  square,  and  at  the 
time  the  jail  or  rear  portion  was  surrounded  by  eucalyptus  trees.  The  jail  is  on  the 
low  part  of  the  city  and  not  many  feet  above  sea-level,  and  is.  without  an  exception, 
one  of  the  healthiest  localities  in  existence.  Having  been  its  physician  for  over  five 
years  at  one  time,  I  had  ample  opportunity  for  observation. 


CASES    OF    CHEST    WOUNDS    AND    RECOVERIES.  I  1(.» 

traversing  the  lung  —  evidently  the  fast-disappearing 
cicatricial  formation  in  the  track  of  the  rifle-ball  wound. 
There  were  no  pleural  adhesions,  effusion,  pulmonary 
hepatization  or  air-cell  obliteration  of  any  kind,  or  if 
there  had  been  they  had  disappeared.  About  two  inches 
to  the  left  of  the  wound  of  entrance,  and  at  nearly  the 
same  distance  to  the  left  of  the  one  in  the  hack,  there 
were  two  other  wounds,  showing  a  previous  penetrating 
and  traversing  wound  of  the  chest  of  the  same  side,  the 
inner  pleural  evidences  being  plain;  the  man  had  told 
mc  that  he  had  mack1  a  recovery  from  a  like  wound  be- 
fore, having-  the  external  wounds  as  evidence;  and  until 
the  autopsy  revealed  the  true  nature  of  the  former 
wound,  neither  Dr.  Stockton  nor  myself  believed  bul  that 
the  previous  bail  had  merely  followed  the  outer  border 
of  a  rib.  With  the  exception  of  a  number  of  severe 
haemorrhages  and  considerable  pain,  shock,  and  prostra- 
tion, he  made  in  the  end  a  good  and  rapid  recovery,  at 
no  time  with  a  trace  of  pneumonia. 

Several  years  ago  1  saw  a  soldier  at  the  San  Diego 
Barracks  with  Assistant-Surgeon  Semig,  the  post-surgeon. 
The  man  was  shot  through  the  upper  part  of  the  left 
lung,  the  hall — a  large,  45-calibre  conical  bullet — passing 
out  at  the  back;  in  two  weeks  the  man  was  out  in  the 
barrack-grounds. 

In  the  great  number  of  cases  of  the  foregoing  order 
that  I  have  seen,  then1  was  only  whal  resembled  pneu- 
monia in  one  ease,  this  being  a  case  of  pistol-shol  wound 
of  the  left  breast,  followed  by  an  oedema  that  affected 
both  lungs,  and  accompanied  with  intense  pain  and  a 
feeling  of  suffocation  on  the  affected  side.  Many  of  these 
ca^es  have  been  under  observation  for  periods  of  from 
two  to  sixteen  years,  and  in  not  one  case  has  there  oc- 
curred any  subsequent  pneumonia,  chrouic  disease  of  the 


150  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

lung,  or  phthisis.     The  recoveries  that  have  taken  place 

in  cases  of  pulmonary  diseases  contracted  elsewhere  have 
been  as  remarkable. 

Nordhoff  mentions  the  case  of  a  consumptive  friend, 
who  had  spent  two  winters  at  Nice  and  Mentone  and 
one  in  the  South,  without  any  benefit  or  arrest  of  his 
disease,  coming  in  desperation  to  Southern  California 
one  October,  whom  he  met  in  Los  Angeles,  only  on 
the  following  January,  well,  hearty,  and  hardly  recog- 
nizable.' Xordhoff's  experience  is  but  the  oft-repeated 
experience  of  every  observer,  be  he  a  physician  or  not, 
who  has  had  any  length  of  residence  in  Southern 
California. 

There  seems,  undoubtedly,  to  be  some  elective  selec- 
tion or  affinity  as  to  locality  and  altitude  in  some  of 
the  cases;  but,  as  a  rule,  the  selection  does  not  seem  to 
be  influenced  by  any  specific  morbid  condition  of  the 
lung  in  the  patient,  which  would  denote  that  a  certain 
form  of  morbid  pulmonary  phenomena  require  this  or 
that  altitude,  and  these  indications  seem  rather  prompted 
by  the  existence  in  the  patient  of  those  idiosyncrasies  of 
body  that  are  so  noticeable  in  the  neurotics — something 
that  is  more  dependent  on  that  morbid  condition  or 
cachexia  that  form  a  branch  of  the  gouty  or  rheumatic 
diathesis  in  general — than  on  any  local  or  specific  morbid 
condition  of  the  lung.  I  have  often  seen  two  patients 
presenting  precisely  the  same  local  morbid  pulmonary 
symptoms,  who,  from  the  above  reasons,  required  entirely 
different  localities,  just  as,  on  the  other  hand,  we  often 
see  patients — for  instance,  one  with  a  dry  cough  and  the 
other  with  profuse  expectoration  and  a  moist  cough — 
who  do  well  in  the  same  spot. 

Attempts  at  making  up  statistical  tables  are,  in 
their  results,  rather  more  obscuring  than  enlightening. 


152  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

Invalids  arc  ;i  very  restless  and  shifting-about  class,  and 
in  a  locality  of  the  extent  of  Southern  California,  with  as 
many  distant  resorts  and  widely  distanced,  favored  local- 
ities, it  is  next  to  impossible  to  keep  them  long  in  sight. 
It  often  follows  that  an  invalid  whose  condition  prog- 
nosed  a  speedy  end,  and  who  was  long  believed  defunct, 
suddenly  turns  up,  well  and  hearty,  in  some  sequestered 
spot,  wherein  he  has  been  rusticating  for  months  or  a 
year.  The  custom  of  discharging-  all  men  from  the  army 
who  have  become  apparently  unfitted  for  future  service 
tends  to  make  even  the  army-hospital  records  very  use- 
less and  misleading  in  this  regard  ;  that  is,  if  taken  from 
the  books. 

As  an  instance,  I  will  give  an  illustration  in  point 
that  recently  fell  to  my  notice :  The  patient,  a  soldier 
of  the  Eighth  United  States  Cavalry,  was  sent  to  San 
Diego,  with  a  consolidation  of  the  upper  lobe  of  the 
right  lung,  and  with  a  diagnosis  of  incipient  phthisis. 
In  the  course  of  a  few  months  after  his  arrival  at  this 
post  the  cough,  purulent  expectoration,  night-sweats, 
and  pain  had  disappeared,  and  the  soldier  was,  at  his 
request,  transferred  to  the  infantry  company  then  on 
duty  at  the  barracks.  While  out  rowing  on  the  bay  he 
was  taken  sick,  and  on  the  same  day  he  was  returned 
to  the  hospital  with  a  relapse  of  his  former  complications, 
which  soon  developed  in  full  force,  with  the  addition  of 
hasmorrhages.  From  this  relapse  he  slowly  recovered, 
and,  when  convalescent,  was  discharged  as  phthisical. 
He  continued  to  improve,  however,  and,  with  the  advent 
of  fine  weather  in  the  East,  he  left  for  his  home  in  Mil- 
waukee. Fearing  the  effects  of  the  Wisconsin  climate, 
he  returned  to  San  Diego,  where,  in  September  of  the 
present  year,  Dr.  Burton,  captain  and  assistant-surgeon 
United  States  army,  and  myself  examined  his  chest,  with 


HEREDITARY    CONSUMPTION    AND    CLIMATE.  153 

the  result  of  finding  that  all  tuberculous  signs  had  disap- 
peared, and  that  there  existed  not  the  least  evidence  of 
consolidation.  The  man  was  in  good  flesh  and  active, 
and,  although  we  could  not  advise  a  return  to  a  resi- 
dence in  a  harsh  climate  or  any  trying  occupation  just 
at  present,  we  cannot  help  but  consider  him  a  cured 
consumptive. 

Dr.  Huntington,  the  former  post-surgeon  at  this 
army-post,  gives  the  result  of  15  cases  that  were  sent  to 
this  hospital  from  various  ether  army-posts  to  be  treated 
lor  consumption.  Of  these.  3  were  tubercular,  and  the 
others  were  consumptive,  as  the  result  of  pneumonia. 
Of  the  first  3.  one  died  within  the  month  of  his  arrival, 
and  the  second  within  8  months  ;  the  third  was  dis- 
charged cured.  Of  the  remainder,  10  made  recoveries 
and  2 — although  discharged  cured — subsequently  died 
elsewhere. 

From  the  favorable  results  observed  on  the  Southern 
California  coast,  Surg.  Preston  H.  Bailhache,  of  the 
United  States  Marine-Hospital  Service,  has  recommended 
the  port  of  San  Diego  as  a  fit  locality  for  the  establish- 
ment of  a  marine  hospital  for  the  reception  of  the 
pulmonary  patients  of  that  service. 

HEREDITARY    CONSUMPTION    AND    CLIMATE. 

In  common  with  many,  I  believe  that  a  constitutional 
tendency  to  tuberculosis  may  be  transmitted,  and  that 
with  many  this  trait  or  tendency  in  time  becomes — under 
favorable  climatic  surroundings — an  actual  family  habit. 
just  as  it  will  disappear  under  other  climatic  conditions. 
I  also  firmly  believe  in  the  infectious  nature  of  tubercu- 
losis, and  am  as  firmly  of  the  opinion  that  much  of  the 
so-called  heredity — direct  by  actual  transmission — is 
nothing  more  nor  less  than  the  result  of  otherwise  avoid- 


154  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

able  infection,  assisted  in  many  cases  by  the  inherited 
tendency  in  the  patient.  Especially  do  I  believe  this  to 
be  the  case  in  many  of  those;  cases  of  disseminated  tuber- 
culosis that  so  often  occur  in  children  of  tuberculous 
parentage.  As  to  the  manner  of  infection — leaving 
aside  the  infection  through  food  or  drink — there  is  a 
mass  of  conflicting  testimony.  Dr.  W.  II.  Geddings 
mentions  that  the  negroes  of  Aitken,  S.  C,  who  arc 
engaged  in  beating  out  the  carpets  that  have  been  used 
during  the  season  in  the  rooms  occupied  by  the  con- 
sumptives, although  exposed  to  the  inhalation  of  the 
dust  from  dried  phthisical  sputa,  nevertheless  escape 
infection  ;  while  the  women  of  the  same  class,  who  are 
engaged  in  washing  the  linen  of  the  invalids,  are  more 
apt  to  infection.  On  the  other  hand,  much  stress  is  laid 
upon  the  dangers  that  this  same  dried  sputa  subjects 
persons  to  who  happen  to  be  exposed  to  its  influence 
in  street-  or  railroad-  cars,  stores,  or  the  street.  In 
Southern  California  the  constant  daily  sunshine  and 
almost  constant  movement  of  the  air,  and  the  absence, 
that  is  so  remarkable,  of  any  evidences  of  tubercular 
infection,  impress  one  with  the  truth  of  Koch's  asser- 
tion that  the  bacillus  is  but  very  short-lived  and  harmless 
if  exposed  for  hut  a  short  space  of  time  to  the  free  action 
of  sunlight  and  air.  Be  that  as  it  will,  it  is  a  certainty 
that  there  is  here  an  utter  absence  of  hereditary  consump- 
tion, or  of  that  propagated  by  infection.  Neither  have  I 
seen  any  phthisis  following  on  any  lung  injury,  severe 
physical  injury  or  surgical  operation,  nor  on  any  wasting- 
sickness. 

During  a  long  course  of  observation,  I  have  seen  but 
one  case  of  what  might  be  taken  for  tubercular  menin- 
gitis ;  one  parent  was  tubercular,  and,  beyond  this,  from 
the  history  of  the  case,  it  was  at  the  time  a  question  with 


old  Man,  110  Years  of  A ai 


156  SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 

me  whether  the  case  was  not  one  due  originally  to  purely 
ursemic   causes.     I  have  scon  any  number  of  children, 

born  of  parents  who  were,  or  had  previously  been,  tuber- 
culous, without  one  resulting  case  of  apparent  hereditary 
transmission  or  of  infection.  This  wonderful  result,  here 
obtained  without  any  other  sacrifice,  and  only  else- 
where at  the  cost  of  incurring-  other  dangers,  has  been 
ascribed  to  the  highlv  ozonized  condition  of  the  air  of 
our  sea-shore  and  mountains.  A  careful  reading  of  Prof. 
J.  F.  Baldwin's  essay  on  "  The  Relations  of  Ozone  to 
Disease "  will  have  a  tendency,  however,  to  cause  a 
depreciation  of  our  ideas  of  ozone — either  as  a  germ 
destroyer  or  as  a  disinfectant — and  relegate  our  germi- 
cidal hopes  back  to  the  simple  action  of  the  free  sweep 
of  the  sea-winds  and  to  the  longest  possible  hours  of 
bright  sunshine.  The  low  temperature;  dry,  warm  soil; 
steady,  cool  winds ;  bright  sunshine,  and  absence  of  any 
and  of  all  deteriorating  elements  whereby  a  tuberculous 
tendency  may  be  engendered,  are,  in  all  probability,  the 
real  factors  in  the  exemption  to  the  disease  enjoyed  by 
the  inhabitants  of  Southern  California. 

PNEUMONIA    AND    OUR    CLIMATE. 

During  a  practice  of  nineteen  years  in  Southern 
California  I  have  seen  but  two  cases  of  pneumonia.  By 
pneumonia  I  refer  to  those  congestions  of  the  lung  that 
are  sudden  and  vehement,  and  are  accompanied  by  a 
high  degree  of  fever  and  exudation,  and  are  either  fol- 
lowed  by  resolution  or  softening,  and  not  to  the  last  and 
closing  act  of  the  drama  that  but  too  often  closes  the 
career  of  the  victim  of  diabetes,  of  valvular  disease,  or 
of  a  soft  and  fatty  heart,  wherein  the  lungs  simply  under- 
go a  passive  hyperemia,  filling  up  like  sponges, — a  con- 
dition, even  if  fatal,   as   little  entitled   to   be    returned 


PNEUMONIA    AND    OUR    CLIMATE.  L51 

as  pneumonia  as  it  is  heart-failure.  In  this  latter  class 
of  cases  the  condition  is  one  of  stasis,  and  not  one  of 
active  feverish  congestion  ;  it  is,  as  a  rule,  the  precursor 
of  a  gradual  death,  and  in  the  many  post-mortem  exami- 
nations that  I  have  made  in  such  cases  there  has  uever 
appeared  the  least  evidence  of  exudation  or  of  the  soften- 
ing peculiar  to  pneumonia.  Pneumonia,  such  as  I  have 
seen  in  army  practice,  in  the  Philadelphia  hospitals,  and 
in  civil  practice  in  France  and  in  Minnesota  or  Wisconsin, 
takes  down  its  victim  with  an  acute,  inflammatory,  sud- 
den congestion,  which  often,  and  at  once,  threatens  the  Life 
of  the  patient,  be  he  a  child,  in  the  prime  of  life,  or  already 
among  the  aged.  The  disease  runs,  as  a  rule,  a  definite 
course;  attacks  all  ages.  The  majority  make  good  recov- 
eries ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  that  morbid  complication 
which  is  here  but  too  often  called  pneumonia  does  not 
attack  children  or  persons  in  health,  and  recoveries 
are.  from  the  very  nature  of  the  condition,  well-nigh 
impossible. 

I  have  taken  the  pains  to  investigate  into  the  history 
of  the  cases  reported  at  the  health  office  as  having  died 
of  the  disease,  and  it  lias  invariably  been  found  that. 
although  there  had  been  an  unquestioned  congestion  of 
the  lung,  the  congestion  had.  as  a  rule,  been  more  passive 
than  active,  and  that  it  was  more  as  the  closing  act  in  a 
long  drama  of  disease  and  suffering  than  an  independent,  . 
separate,  or  acute  disease.  It  has  often  happened  that 
the  physician  has  not  been  called  until  this  lasl  and 
closing  act  or  stage  of  the  disease  process  had  been 
reached. and  then  only  for  the  express  purpose  of  reliex  inu- 
tile pulmonary  distress.  I  well  remember  being  called 
sudden  1\  to  attend  a  patient  in  the  absence  of  the  regular 
medical  attendant  ;  the  patient  had  just  had  a  "fit,"  I 
was  told;   on  mv  arrival  at  the  bedside  I  further  learned 


158  SOUTIIKRN    CALIFORNIA. 

that  he  had  been  under  treatment  for  pneumonia,  which 
had  been  slowly  coming-  on  for  some  weeks  prior  to  the 
calling- of  the  family  physician.  An  investigation  into  the 
case  developed  that  the  "fit"  was  a  ursemic  convulsion, 
and  that  diabetes  bad  existed  for  months  without  causing 
the  patient  sufficient  anxiety  or  alarm  to  induce  him  to  con- 
sult a  physician.  It  was  only  with  labored  and  painful  res- 
piration and  the  occurrence  of  some  haemorrhage  from  the 
bronchial  mucous  membrane  that  advice  was  sought  for. 
This  case  was  recorded  as  being  a  death  from  pneumonia. 
On  another  occasion  I  met  a  gentleman  at  the  rail- 
way-station as  I  was  about  to  embark  on  the  train  to  see 
a  patient  some  distance  out  of  town.  He  was  consider- 
ably worried  about  business  matters;  two  parties  were 
threatening  to  bring  two  separate  suits  against  him  ful- 
some personal  injuries  received  while  in  his  employ. 
The  damages  they  claimed,  he  informed  me,  were  more 
than  he  was  worth,  and,  while  he  had  no  expectation  or 
fear  that  the  suits  would  be  decided  against  him,  he, 
nevertheless,  felt  that  their  occurrence  at  the  time  would 
assist  materially  to  further  complicate  his  already  unsatis- 
factory condition  of  affairs.  He  had  a  worried  and  care- 
worn look  and  a  sighing  respiration  ;  he  had  lost  sleep; 
had  neither  appetite  nor  an  active  digestion  ;  his  pulse 
was  intermittent  and  of  a  fluctuating  impulse  and  volume. 
I  had  attended  the  gentleman  some  years  previously,  and 
was  aware  that  he  labored  under  the  disadvantage  of 
degenerated  kidneys  and  of  a  softening  heart,  and 
plainly  saw  that  the  latter  organ  was  now  giving  way  to 
the  mental  worry  and  physical  strain,  and  that  already 
his  lungs  showed  symptoms  of  a  slight  hyperemia. 
Absolute  rest  might  have  averted  the  approaching  end, 
but  this  I  could  not  prevail  upon  him  to  take;  I  never 
saw  him  again  alive,  and  subsequently  learned  that  he 


PNEUMONIA    AND    OUR    CLIMATE.  159 

died  of  pneumonia  some  ten  days  after  our  interview.  I 
will  not  say  that  this  passive  congestion  can  take  place 
at  all  times  without  creating  such  a  disturbance  or  an 
attempted  resentment  on  the  part  of  the  lung  that  it 
might  readily  he  taken  lor  pneumonia,  hut  I  must  object, 
on  general  principles,  against  classing  such  a  condition 
with  either  acute  or  chronic  pneumonia. 

The  two  cases  of  the  disease  which  1  have  seen  were 
cases  of  double  pneumonia,  both  consequent  upon  sudden 
chilling  when  overheated.  In  both,  the  onset  was  Midden 
and  nearly  fatal  at  the  beginning;  but  in  the  end  the) 
made  perfect  recoveries.  The  first  of  these  two  cases  1 
attended  with  Dr.  R.  J.  Gregg,  the  patient  being  a  , 
butcher,  and  the  second  was  that  of  an  English  sailer. 
whom  I  attended  in  the  Marine  Hospital  with  Dr.  T.  C. 
Stockton.  I  have  already  noticed  the  remarkable  exemp- 
tion to  pneumonia  that  is  experienced  in  cases  of  chesl 
wounds,  and  it  may  here  be  added  that  this  pulmonary 
complication  is  also  absent  as  a  sequela  to  any  severe 
or  wasting  disease  ;  neither  have  1  seen  pneumonia  occur 
as  an  intercurrent  complication.  The  late  wide-spread 
epidemic  of  the  grippe  has  fully  exemplified  the  immunity 
enjoyed  by  the  section  in  the  above  regard ;  for,  whilst  in 
the  East  and  West  the  death-rates  from  pneumonia  and 
other  pulmonary  diseases  greatly  increased,  and  many 
were  started  on  the  unwelcome  road  of  incipient  tubercu- 
losis, those  living  in  Southern  California  can  hardly  be 
said  to  have  suffered  any  from  the  grippe  beyond  its 
mere  immediate  lover  and  inconveniences, — a  result  that, 
when  it  is  taken  into  consideration  that  a  large  portion 
of  the  population  is  made  up  of  confirmed,  improving, 
and  cured  invalids. — a  class  who  elseu  here  could  no  more 
resist  the  deadly  influence  of  the  grippe  than  salt  can 
withstand  the  deliquescing  effects  of  water. — i^.  to  say 


KJO 


SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 


the  least,  something  remarkable.  In  some  cases,  much 
more  broken  down  than  the  general  average  victims  of 
long-existing  interstitial  nephritis  or  of  a  rheumatic  or 
gouty  kidney,  the  recovery  has.  of  necessity,  not  been  as 
rapid  or  as  perfect;  but,  take  it  on  the  whole,  what  is 
known  as  the  grippe-lung  or  the  grippe-kidney  can 
hardly  be  said  to  have  been  left  behind  as  a  souvenir  of 
the  visit  of  the  epidemic.  The  absence  of  pneumonia 
during  the  grippe  epidemic  is  the  best  evidence  that  it 
is  not  fostered  by  the  climate. 


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t&3£ 


Mk£M3£bi&.^ 


Hotel  Arcadia,  Santa  Monica,  Cal. 


SEASON   OF   1891-1892. 


(3 


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INDEX  TO  CATALOGUE. 


Annual    of    the    Universal     Medical 

Sciences 27,  28,  29 

Anatomy. 

Practical  Anatomy— Boenning 4 

Structure  of  tlio  Central  Nervous  Sys- 
tem— Edinger 8 

Charts  of   the  Nervo-Vascular  System — 

Price  and  Eagleton 17 

Synopsis  of  Human  Anatomy— Young  .   .  25 

Bacteriology. 

Bacteriological   Diagnosis — Eisenberg  .   .       8 

Clinical  Charts. 
Improved  Clinical  Charts— Bashore  ...       3 

Consumption. 

Consumption  :  How  to  Prevent  it,  etc. — 
Davis     7 

Domestic  Hygiene,  etc. 

The  Daughter :  Her  Health,  Education, 

and  Wedlock — Capp 5 

Consumption :  How  to  Prevent  it,  etc. — 
Davis 7 

Plain    Talks    on    Avoided    Subjects- 
Guernsey    9 

Heredity,  Health,  and  Personal  Beauty — 
Shoemaker     


Electricity. 

Practical  Electricity  in  Medicine  and 
Surgery — Liebig  and  Rohe 

Electricity  in  the  Diseases  of  Women — 
Massey 

Fever. 

Fever :  its  Pathology  and  Treatment- 
Hare  

Hay  Fever— Sajous 

Gynecology. 

Lessons  in  Gvnecologv — Goodell 


Hygiene. 

American  Resorts— James    .   . 
Text-Book  of  Hygiene — Rohe 


21    I 


Heart,  Lungs,  Kidneys,  etc. 

Diseases   of    the    Heart,    Lungs,    and 

Kidneys— Davis 7 

Diseases  of  the  Heart  and  Circulation  in 

Children — Keating  and  Edwards  ...     12 

Diabetes :    its   Cause,    Symptoms,    and 

Treatment— Purdv 17 


Materia  Medica  and  Thera- 
peutics. 

Hand-Book  of  Materia  Medica,  Phar- 
macy, and  Therapeutics— Bowen  ...      4 

Ointments  and  Oleates— Shoemaker   ...     21 

Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics— Shoe- 
maker         22 

International  Pocket  Medical  Formulary 
— Witherstine 26 


(2 


Miscellaneous. 

PAOB 

Book  mi  the  Physician  Himself— Cathell  .  5 

<  Ixygen— Demarquav  and  Wallian    ....  7 
Record-Book   of    Medical   Examinations 

for  Life  Insurance — Keating 11 

The  Medical  Bulletin,  Monthly 18 

Physician's  Interpreter 15 

Circumcision— Remondino 18 

Medical  Symbolism—  Sozmskey 23 

International  Pocket  Medical  Formulary 

—Witherstine 26 

The   Chinese :    Medical,    Political,    and 

Social— Coltman 31 

A,  B,  C  of  the  Swedish  System  of  Educa- 
tional Gymnastics — Nissen 32 

Lectures  on  Auto-Intoxication — Bouchard  :;_' 

Nervous  System,  Spine,  etc. 

Spinal  Concussion — Clevenger 6 

Structure  of  the  Central  Nervous  System 

— Edinger 8 

Epilepsy  :  its  Pathology  and  Treatment- 
Hare  10 

Lectures  on  Nervous  Diseases— Ranney    .  30 

Obstetrics. 
Childbed  :  its  Management;  Diseases  and 

Their  Treatment— Manton 13 

Eclampsia — Michenerand  others 15 

Obstetric  Synopsis— Stewart 24 

Pharmacology . 

Abstracts  of  Pharmacology— Wheeler  .  .     25 

Physiognomy. 

Practical  and   Scientific   Physiognomy — 

Stanton 30 

Physiology. 
Physiology  of   the   Domestic    Animals- 
Smith     23 

Surgery  and  Surgical  Operations. 

Circumcision — Remondino IS 

Principles  of  Surgery — Senn 20 

Swedish  Movement  and  Massage. 

Swedish  Movement  and  Massage  Treat- 
ment— Nissen 15 

Throat  and  Nose. 

Journal  of  Laryngology  and  Rhinology    .  11 

Hay  Fever — Sajous 19 

Diphtheria,  Croup,  etc.— Sanne 19 

Lectures  on  the  Diseases  of  the  Nose  and 

Throat— Sajous 31 

Venereal  Diseases. 

Syphilis  :  To-day  and;in  Antiquity— Buret       4 
Neuroses  of  the  Genito-Urinary  System 
in  the  Male— Ultzraann 24 

Veterinary. 

Age  of  the  Domestic  Animals— Huide- 
koper 32 

Physiology  of  the  Domestic  Animals- 
Smith     23 

Visiting-Lists  and  Account- 
Books. 

Medical  Bulletin  Visiting-List  or  Physi- 
cians' Call-Record 14 

Physicians'  All-Requisite  Account-Book  .     16 

) 


Bashore's  Improved  Clinical  Chart. 

For  the  SEPARATE  PLOTTING  of  TEMPERATURE,  PULSE,  and  RESPIRATION. 

Designed  for  the  Convenient,   Accurate,   and  Permanent  Daily   Recording  of   Cases  in 
Hospital  and  Private  Practice. 

By  HARYI-Y   B.    BASHORE,   M.». 


COPYRIGHTED,   1888,  BT  F    A.  DAVI8. 

50  Charts,  in  Ta,"blet  Form.  Size,  3x12  inches-. 


Price,  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  Post-paid,  50  Cents, 
Net;  Great  Britain,  2s.  6d. ;  France.  3  fr.  60. 

The  .-Aove  diagram  is  a  little  more  than  one-fifth  (i-O  the  actual  siie  of  the  chart  and  ihaM  the 
method  of  plotting,  the  upper  curve  beine  the  Temperature,  the  middle  the  Pulse,  and  the  lower  the 
Respiration.     By  this  method  a  full  record  of  each  can  easily  be  kept  with  bill  one  color  ink 

It  is  so  arranged  that  all  practitioners  will  find  it  an  invaluable  aid  In  the  treatment  of  their  patient-. 

On  the  back  of  each  chart  will  l><;  round  ample  space  conveniently  arranged  for  recording  ">  linu'.ii 
History  and  Symptoms"  and  "Treatment." 

By  its  use  the  physician  will  secure  such  a  complete  record  of  his  cases  as  will  enable  him  to  review 
them  at  any  time.  Thus  he  will  always  have  at  hand  a  source  of  Individual  improvement  and  benefit  in 
the  practice  of  his  profession,  the  value  of  which  can  hardly  be  overestimated. 

( 


(F.  A.  DAVIS.  Medical  Publisher,  Philadelphia,  Pa..  U.S.A.) 


Medical  Publications  of  F.  A.  Davis,  Philadelphia. 

A  Text-Book  on  Practical  Anatomy. 

Including  a  Section  on  Surgical  Anatomy. 

B}'  Henry  C.  Boenning,  M.D.,  Lecturer  on  Anatomy  and  Surgery 
in  the  Philadelphia  School  of  Anatomy;  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in 
the  Medico-Chirnrgical  College ;  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  the 
Philadelphia  Dental  College;  Lecturer  on  Diseases  of  the  Rectum  in 
the  Medico-Chirnrgical  College,  etc.,  etc. 

Fully  illustrated  throughout  with  about  200  Wood-Engravings. 
In  one  handsome  Octavo  volume,  printed  in  extra-large,  clear  type, 
making  it  specially  desirable  for  use  in  the  dissecting  room.  Nearly 
500  pages.  Substantially  bound  in  Extra  Cloth.  Also  in  Oil-Cloth,  for 
use  in  the  dissecting-room  without  soiling. 

Frice,  post-paid,  in  the  United  States,  $2.50,  net;  Canada  (duty  paid),  $2.75,  net; 
Great  Britain,  14s. ;  France,  16  fr.  20. 


BOWJEN 

Hand-Book  of  Materia  Medica,  Pharmacy, 
and  Therapeutics. 

By  Cuthbert  Bowen,  M.D.,  B.A.,  Editor  of"  Notes  on  Practice." 
The  second  volume  in  the  Physicians'  and  Students''  Ready  Refer- 
ence Series.     One   12mo  volume  of  370  pages.     Handsomely  bound  in 
Dark-Blue  Cloth. 

Frice,  post-paid,  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  $1.40,  net;  in  Great 
Britain,  8s.  6d. ;  in  France,  9  fr.  25. 

EXTRACT  FROM  THE  PREFACE — "While  this  is  essentially  a  Student's  Manual, 
a  large  amount  of  matter  has  been  incorporated  which,  it  is  hoped,  will  render  it  a  useful  refer- 
ence-book to  the  Young  Graduate  who  is  just  entering  on  his  professional  career,  and  more 
particularly  the  individual  whose  sphere  of  work  demands  a  more  practical  acquaintance  with 
pharmaceutical  processes  than  is  required  of  the  ordinary  city  practitioner.  Great  care  has 
been  taken  throughout  the  book  to  familiarize  the  student  with  the  best  methods  of  administer- 
ing the  various  drugs  he  will  be  called  upon  to  use,  and  with  this  object  a  large  number  of 
standard  prescriptions  have  been  selected  from  the  works  of  the  most  eminent  authorities, 
which  he  can  either  adopt,  with  modifications  to  suit  particular  cases,  or  use  as  models  on  which 
to  construct  his  own  formulae." 


sort,  and  which  are  destructive  to  vision  and 
temper  alike. — St.  Louis  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour. 

In  going  through  it,  we  have  been  favorably- 
impressed  by  the  plain  and  practical  sugges- 
tions in  regard  to  prescription  writing,  and 
the  metric  system,  and  the  other  things  which 
must  be  known  in  order  to  write  good  and  ac- 

tb'be  comrhendeTl," as  opposed  to  the  nonpareil    j    curate  prescriptions. — Medical  and  Surgical 

and  agate  usually  used  in  compends  of  this   I,   Reporter 


This  excellent  manual  comprises  in  its  366 
pages  about  as  much  sound  and  valuable 
information  on  the  subjects  indicated  in  its 
title  as  could  well  be  crowded  into  the  com- 
pass. The  book  is  exhaustively  and  correctly 
indexed,  and  of  a  convenient  form.  The  paper, 
press-work,  and  binding  are  excellent,  and  the 
typography  (long  primer  and  brevier)  ishighlv 


BURET 
Syphilis  :  To-day  and  in  Antiquity. 

By  Dr.  F.  Buret  (Paris).  Translated  from  the  French,  with  the 
author's  permission,  by  A.  H.  Ohmann-Dumesnil,  AM.,  M.D.,  Professor 
of  Dermatology  and  Syphilology  in  the  St.  Louis  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons. 

To  be  completed  in  three  12mo  volumes.  Volume  I,  Syphilis  in 
A  "tiquity.     In  Press.     Ready  in  October,  1891. 

(4) 


Medical  Publications  of  F.  A.  Davis,  Philadelphia. 


CAPP 


Her  Health,   Education,   and 
Wedlock. 


The  Daughter. 

Homely  Suggestions  to  Mothers  and  Daughters 


By  William  M.  Capp.  M.D.,  Philadelphia.  This  is  just  such  a  book 
as  :i  family  physician  would  advise  his  lady  patients  to  ol>t:iin  and  read. 
It  answers  many  questions  which  every  busy  practitioner  of  medicine 
lias  put  to  him  in  the  sick-room  at  a  time  when  it  is  neither  expedient 
nor  wise  to  impart  the  information  sought. 

It  is  complete  in  one  beautifully  printed  (large,  clear  type)  12mo 
volume  of  150  pages.     Attractively  bound  in  Extra  Cloth. 

Price,  post-paid,  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  $1.00,  net ;  In  Great 
Britain,  5s.  6d. ;  France,  6  fr.  20. 


In  the  HI  pages  allotted  to  bim  he  lias  com- 
pressed an  amount  of  homely  wisdom  on  the 

physical,  menl  d,  and  moral  develops t  of 

the  female  child  from  birth  to  maturity  which 
is  to  be  found  elsewhere  in  onlj  the  great 
book  of  experience.  It  is.  of  course,  a  book 
for  mothers,  hut  is  one  so  void  of  offense  in 
expression  or  ideas  thai  ii  can  safely  be  recom- 
mended for  all  whose  minds  are  sufficiently 
developed  to  appreciate  its  teachings.— PAiJa- 
./.  ■'////(..•  Public  J.'  dffl  r. 

Many    delicate    subjects    are    treated    with 


skill  and  in  a  manner  which  cannot  strike  any 
one  as  improper  or  hold.  The  absolute  ignor- 
ance  in  which  most  young  girls  are  allowed  to 
exist,  even  until  adult  life,  is  often  productive 
id'  much  misery,  both  mental  and  physical 
Quite  a  number  of  books  written  b)  physi- 
cians lor  popular  use  have  been  prepared  in 

SUCh  a  way  that  the  professional  man  can  read 

between  the  Lines  strong  bids  for  popular 
favor,  etc.  These  objectionable  features  will 
not  be  found  in  Dr.  Capp's brochure,  ml  lor 
this  reason  it  is  worthy  the  confidence  of 
physicians. — Medical  y<  ws. 


CATHELL 

Book  on  the  Physician  Himself 

And  Things  that  Concern  his  Reputation  and  Success 

By  D.  W.  Cathell,  M.D.,  Baltimore,  Md.  Being  the  Ninth  Edition 
(enlarged  and  thoroughly  revised)  <>f  the  "  Physician  Himself,  and  what 
lie  should  add  to  his  Scientific  Acquirements  in  order  to  Secure  Success." 
In  one  handsome  Octavo  Volume  of  298  pages,  bound  in  Extra  Cloth. 

Thousands  of  physicians  have  won  success  in  their  chosen  profession 
through  the  aid  of  this  invaluable  work. 

This  remarkable  hook  litis  passed  through  eight.  (S)  editions  in  less 
than  five  years.  It  has  just  undergone  a  thorough  revison  by  the  author, 
who  litis  tidded  much  new  matter  covering  many  points  and  elucidating 
many  excellent  ideas  not  included  in  former  editions. 

Price,  post-paid,  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  $2.00,  net ;  in  Great 
Britain,  lis.  6d. ;  France,  12  fr.  40. 

I    am    most    favorably   Impressed   with    the 
wisdom  and  force  of  the  points  made  in  "The 

Physician    Himself,"  ami, belli  Ve   the  work   in 

i  he  hands  o  i  a  young  graduate  will  greatly  en- 
hance his  chances  for  professional  succi  -- 
From  Prof.  l>.  Hayes  Agnew,  Phiia.,  Pa. 

\\'e  strongly  advise  every  aetual  and  Intend- 
ing prai  tt  oner  of  medicin 'surgery  to  hare 

•  i  be  Physician  Himself,"  ami  the  more  tt  In- 
fluences hi-  fut  me  conduct  t  be  better  he  '.Mil 
be.  — /'/ow  the  Canada  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal,  Montit  cU, 

In  the  present   edition   the  entire  work  has 

been  revised  and  some  new  matt*  r  introduced. 

The  publisher's  pan  is  well  done:  paper  i- 
Rood  and  the  print  large:  altogether  it  is  a 
very  readable  and  enjoyable  booML—Montri  al 
Medical  Journal 


We  have  read  it  carefully  and  regret  much 
that  we  bad  not  done  bo  earlier  .mil  followed 
Its  i" .  cepts,  The  hook  Is  toil  of  good  advice. 
tii-t  it  at  oncc—Pacifle  Recordo/  Medicine 
ami  Surgery. 

We  cannot  Imagine  a  more  profitable  Invest 
menl  for  the  jun  ur  practitionei  than  the  pur 
eh,-,     md   careful   -tu.h    of  "The  Physiciai 

1 1  .ui-eii."-- 1 >r<  ,,i,  ntal   '■ '  "  t. 

To  the  physician  who  has  discovered  tin 
there  |g  something  else  besides  dry  book  bin 

ing  i led  to  make  b  m  .1  desirable  visit. o     n 

the  bedside,  we  commend  this  volume!  that  he 
ma\  a--  in:i  it.-  gome  of  the  read)  crystallized 
worldly  wisdom  which  otherwise  he  maj  be 
many  years  acquiring  by  natural  process*  --  — 
North  Carolina  Medical  Journal. 


(5) 


Medical  Publications  of  F.  A.  Davis,  Philadelphia. 
CLEVENGER 

Spinal  Concussion. 

Surgically   Considered  as   a   Cause  op   Spinal  Injury,  and  Neuro- 

logically  restricted  to  a  certain  symptom  g roup,  for  which 

is  Suggested  the  Designation   Erichsen's  Disease, 

as  One  Form  of  the  Traumatic  Neuroses. 

Ity  S.  V.  Clevenger,  M.D.,  Consulting-  Physician  Reese  and  Alexian 
Hospitals;  Late  Pathologist  County  Insane  Asylum,  Chicago;  Member 
of  numerous  American  Scientific  and  Medical  Societies;  Collaborator 
American  Naturalist,  Alienist  and  Neurologist,  Journal  of  Neurology 
and  Psychiatry,  Journal  of  Nervous  and  Mental  Diseases;  author  of 
"  Comparative  Physiology  and  Psychology,"  "Artistic  Anatomy,"  etc. 

This  work  is  the  outcome  of  five  years' special  study  and  experience 
in  legal  circles,  clinics,  hospital  and  private  practice,  in  addition  to 
twenty  years'  labor  as  a  scientific  student,  writer,  and  teacher. 

The  literature  of  Spinal  Concussion  has  been  increasing  of  late  years 

to  an  unwieldy  shape  for  the  general  student,  and  Dr.  Clevenger  his  in 

this  work  arranged  and  reviewed  all  that  has  been  done  by  observers 

since  the  days  of  Erichsen  and  those  who  preceded  him. 

< 
There  are  abundant  illustrations,  particularly  for  Electro-diagnosis, 

and  to  enable  a  clear  comprehension  of  the  anatomical  and  pathological 

relations. 

The  Chapters  are:  I.  Historical  Introduction;  II.  Erichsen  on 
Spinal  Concussion;  III.  Page  on  Injuries  of  the  Spine  and  Spinal  Cord; 
IV.  Recent  Discussions  of  Spinal  Concussion  ;  V.  Oppeuheim  on 
Traumatic  Neuroses  ;  VI.  Illustrative  Cases  from  Original  and  all  other 
Sources;  VII.  Traumatic  Insanity;  VIII.  The  Spinal  Column;  IX. 
Symptoms;  X.  Diagnosis;  XI.  Pathology;  XII.  Treatment;  XIII. 
Medico-legal  Considerations. 

Other  special  features  consist  in  a  description  of  modern  methods 
of  diagnosis  by  Electricity,  a  discussion  of  the  controversy  concerning 
hysteria,  and  the  author's  original  pathological  view  that  the  lesion  is 
one  involving  the  spinal  sympathetic  nervous  system.  In  this  latter 
respect  entirely  new  ground  is  taken,  and  the  diversity  of  opinion  con- 
cerning the  functional  and  organic  nature  of  the  disease  is  afforded  a 
basis  for  reconciliation. 

Every  Physician  and  Lawyer  should  oxen  this  work. 

In  one  handsome  Royal  Octavo  Volume  of  nearly  400  pages,  with 
thirty  Wood-Engravings. 

Price,  post-paid,  in  United  States  and  Canada,  $2.50,  net;  in  Great 
Britain,  Us. ;  in  France,  15  fr. 

The  reader  will  find  in  this  book  the  best  II  This  work  really  does,  if  we  may  he  per- 

discussion  and  summary  of  the  facts  on  this  !  mined  to  ase  a  trite  ami  hackneyed  expres- 

topic,   which  will   make  it  verv  valuable  to  j  sion.  '"till  a  long-felt  want."    The  subject   is 

every  physician.     For   the  specialist  it  is   a  treated  in  all  its  bearings;  electro-diagnosis 

text-book  that  will   be  often  consulted. — The  ,  receives  a   large  share  of  attention,  ami  the 

Journal  o/  Inebriety.  \\  chapter  devoted  to  illustrative  eases  will   he 


The  work  comes  fully  tip  to  the  demand, 

and  the  law  and  medical  library,   to  be  com- 

"ete,  cannot  be  without  it. — Souihem  Medical 


g. 


cord. 


found  to  possess  especial  importance.     The 

author  has  some  original  views  on  pathology. 
— Medical  Weekly  Review. 


(t>) 


Medical  Publications  of  F.  A.  Davis,  Philadelphia. 


Consumption: 


DAVIS 

How  to  Prevent  it,  and  How 
to  Live  with  it. 


Its  Nature,  Causes,  Prevention,  and  the   Mode  of   Life,  Climate, 
Exercise,  Food  and  Clothing  Necessary  fob  its  Cure. 

By  N.  S.  Davis,  Jr.,  A.M  ,  M.D.,  Professor  of  Principles  and  Practice  of 
Medicine  in  Chicago  Medical  College;  Physician  to  Mercy  Hospital;  Member  of 
the  American  Medical  Association,  Illinois  Slate  Medical  Society,  etc.,  etc. 

12nio.     In  Pkess. 

DAVIS 

Diseases  of  the  Heart,  Lungs,  and  Kidneys. 

By  N.  S.  Davis,  Jr.,  A.M.,  M.D..  Professor  of  Principles  and  Practice  of 
Medicine  in  Chicago  Medical  College;  Physician  to  Mercy  Hospital;  Member  of 

the  American  Medical  Association,  Illinois  State  Medical   Society,  etc.,  etc. 

In  one  neat  12mo  volume.  No.  in  the  Physicians'  and  Students'  Ready- 
Reference  Series.    In  Preparation. 


DE3IABQUAY 

_         _.  A  Practical  Investigation  of  the  Clinical 

On    OXVOen.  and  Therapeutic  Value  of  the  Gases 

in  Medical  and  Surgical  Practice, 

With  Especial  Reference  to  the  Value  and  Availability  of  Oxygen, 
Nitrogen,  Hydrogen,  and  Nitrogen  Monoxide. 

By  J.  N.  Demakquay,  Surgeon  to  the  Municipal  Hospital.  Paris,  and  of  the 
Council  of  Slate;  Member  of  the  Imperial  Society  of  Surgery;  ( lorrespondenl  of 
the  Academies  of  Belgium,  Turin.  Munich,  etc  ;  Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honor, 
Chevalier  of  the  Orders  of  Isabella-the-Catholic  and  of  the  Conception,  of 
Portugal,  etc.  Translated,  with  notes,  additions,  and  omissions,  by  Saw  i  l  S. 
Wallian,  A.M.,  M.D.,  Member  of  the  American  Medical  Association;  Ex-Presi- 
dent of  the  Medical  Association  of  Northern  New  Fork;  Member  of  the  New- 
York  County  Medical  Society,  etc. 

In  one  handsome  Octavo  Volume  of  816  pages,  printed  on  fine  paper,  in 
the  best  style  of  the  printer's  art,  and  illustrated  with  '21  Wood-Cuts. 

Price,  post-paid,  in  United  States,  Cloth,  $2.00,  net;  Half- Russia,  $3.00, 
net.  In  Canada  (duty  paid),  Cloth,  $2.20,  net;  Half-Russia,  $3.30, 
net.  In  Great  Britain,  Cloth,  lis.  6d. ;  Half-Russia,  17s.  6i  In 
France,  Cloth,  12  fr.  40;  Half-Russia,  18  fr.  60. 

For  some  years  past  there  has  been  a  growing  demand  for  something  more 
satisfactory  and  more  practical  in  the  way  of  literature  on  the  subject  01  what 
has,  by  common  consent,  come  t<>  be  termed  "Oxygen  Therapeutics."  On  all 
sides  professional  men  of  standing  and  ability  arc  turning  their  attention  to  the 
use  of  the  gaseous  elements  about  ||S  as  remedies  in  disease,  as  well  as  Bustainera 
in  health  In  prosecuting  their  inquiries,  the  tirst  hindrance  has  been  the  want 
of  any  reliable,  oris  any  degree  satisfactory,  literature  on  the  subject. 

This  work,  translated  in  the  main  from  the  French  of  Professor  Demarquay, 
contains  also  a  very  full  accoum  of  recenl  English,  German,  and  American  ex- 
periences, prepared  by  l>r.  Samuel  S.  Wallian.  of  New  \  oik.  whose  experience 
in  i  his  field  antedates  thai  of  any  other  A  merican  writer  on  i  he  subject. 


Tins  i«  a  handsome  vol  time  of  800  i>;ijre-  In 
large  \>iiiit,  on  *_r « >« »< i  paper,  and  nicety  illus- 
trated. Although  nominally  pleading  for  the 
use  of  oxygen  inhalations,  the  author  shows  in 
a  philosophical  manner  how  much  gr 
good  physicians  might  <lo  tf  they  more  fully 
appreciated  the  value  of  fresh  air  exercise  :m<i 
i\  ater,  especiallj  in  diseases  <>r  the  lungs,  kid- 
neys, ami  skin.    We  commend  it-  perusal  to 


our  readers. — The  Canada  Medical  Record.  Neva*, 

(7) 


The  book  should  be  w  Idely  road,  tat  to  many 
it  win  bring  Hie  addition  ol  a  new  weapon  to 
their    therapeutic   armament.— JVorMu 
Lancet. 

Altogether  the  boot  Is  >  valuable  one,  which 

will  Ik»  found  "i    >oiv in  i in-  busj    prao- 

tiii r  who  wishes  to  keep  abreast   ••!    the 

improvements     in     therapeutics.  —  Medical 


Medical  Publications  of  F.  A.  Davis,  Philadelphia. 
BISBNBJEBG 

Bacteriological  Diagnosis. 

Tabular  Aids  for  Use  in  Practical  Work. 

By  James  Eisenberg,  Ph.D.,  M.D.,  Vienna.  Translated  and  aug- 
mented, "with  the  permission  of  the  author,  from  the  latest  German 
Edition,  by  Norval  H.  Pierce,  M.D.,  Surgeon  to  the  Out-Door  Depart- 
ment of  Michael  Reese  Hospital;  Assistant  to  Surgical'  Clinic,  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Chicago,  111. 

This  book  is  a  novelty  in  Bacteriological  Science.  It  is  arranged 
in  a  tabular  form  in  which  are  given  the  specific  characteristics  of  the 
various  well-established  bacteria,  so  that  the  worker  may,  at  a  glance, 
inform  himself  as  to  the  identity  of  a  given  organism.  They  then  serve 
the  same  function  to  the  Bacteriologist  as  does  the  "  Chemical  Analysis 
Chart  "to  the  chemist,  and  the  one  will  be  found  as  essential  as  the 
other. 

The  Greatest  care  has  been  taken  to  bring  the  work  up  to  the 
present  aspect  of  Bacteriology. 

In  one  Octavo  volume,  handsomely  bound  in  Cloth.     Ready  Soon. 

Price,  post-paid,  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  $1.50,  net;  in  Great 
Britain,  Ss.  6i ;  in  France,  9  fr.  35. 


JEDIITGER 

Twelve  Lectures  on  the  Structure  of  the 
Central  Nervous  System. 

For  Physicians  and  Students. 

By  Dr.  Ludwig  E dinger,  Frankfort-on-the-Main.  Second  Revised 
Edition.  With  133  Illustrations.  Translated  by  Willis  Hall  Yittum, 
M.D.,  St.  Paul,  Minn.  Edited  by  C.  Eugene  Riggs,  A.M.,  M.D.,  Pro- 
fessor of  Mental  and  Nervous  Diseases,  University  of  Minnesota; 
Member  of  the  American  Neurological  Assoeiation. 

The  illustrations  are  exactly  the  same  as  those  used  in  the  latest 
German  edition  (with  the  German  names  translated  into  English),  and 
are  very  satisfactory  to  the  Physician  and  Student  using  the  book. 

The  work  is  complete  in  one  Royal  Octavo  volume  of  about  250 
pages,  bound  in  Extra  Cloth. 

Price  in  United  States  and  Canada,  post-paid,  $1.75,  net ;  Great 
Britain,  10s. ;  France,  12  fr.  20. 


One  of  the  most  instructive  and  valuable 
works  on  the  minute  anatomy  of  the  human 
brain  extant.  It  is  written  in  the  form  of  lec- 
tures, profusely  illustrated,  and  in  clear  lan- 
guage. The  book  is  worthy  of  the  highest 
eneoniums.  and  will,  undoubtedly,  command  a 
large  sale. — The  Pacific  Record  of  Medicine  Every  point  is  clearly  dwelt  upon   in  the 

and  Surgery.  text,  and  where  description  alone  might  leave 

a  subject  obscure  clever  drawings  and  dia 


succeeded  in  transforming  the  mazy  wilder- 
ness of  nerve  fibres  and  tells  into  a  district  of 
well-marked  pathways  and  centres,  and  by  so 
doing  has  made  a  pleasure  out  of  an  anatomi- 
cal bugbear.— The  Southern  Medical  Jiccord. 


Since  the  first  works  on  anatomv,  up  to  the 
present  day,  no  work  has  appeared  on  the  sub- 
ject of  the  genera]  and  minute  anatomy  of  the 
central  nervous  system  so  complete  and  ex- 
haustive as  this  work  of  Dr.  Ludwig  Edjnger, 
Being  himself  an  original  worker,  and  having 
the  benefits  of  such  masters  as  Stilling, 
Weigeit,  Geilach,  Meynert,  and  others,  he  has 


grams  are  introduced  to  render  misconception 
of  the  authors  meaning  impossible.  The  book 
is  eminently  practical.  It  unravels  the  intri- 
cate entanglement  of  different  tracts  and 
paths  in  a  way  that  no  other  book  has  done  so 
explicitly  or  so  concisely.  —  Northwestern 
Lancet. 


(8) 


Medical  Publications  of  F.  A.  Davis,  Philadelphia. 


GOODELL 

Lessons  in  Gynecology. 

By  William  Goodell,  A.M.,  M.D.,  etc.,  Professor  of  Clinical  Gyne- 
cology in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

This  exceedingly  valuable  work,  from  one  of  the  most  eminent 
specialists   and    teachers    in  gynecology   in  the   United  States,  is  now 

offered  to  the  profession  in  a  much  more  complete  condition  than  either 
of  the  previous  editions.  It  embraces  all  the  more  important  diseases 
and  the  principal  operations  in  the  field  of  g}'necology,  and  brings  to 
bear  upon  them  all  the  extensive  practical  experience  and  wide  reading 
of  the  author.  It  is  an  indispensable  guide  to  every  practitioner  who 
has  to  do  with  the  diseases  peculiar  to  women.  Third  Edition.  With 
112  illustrations.  Thoroughly  revised  and  greatly  enlarged.  One  volume, 
large  octavo,  578  pages. 

Price,  in  United  States  and  Canada,  Cloth,  $5.00 ;  Full  Sheep,  $6.00.    Discount, 

20  per  cent.,  making  it,  net,  Cloth,  $4.00;  Sheep,  $4.S0.    Postage,  27 

cents  eztra.     Great  Britain,  Cloth,  22s.  6d. ;  Sheep,  2Ss., 

post-paid.    France,  30  fr.  80. 


It  is  too  good  a  book  to  have  been  allowed  to 
remain  out  of  print,  and  it  lias  unquest  ionably 
been  missed.  The  author  lias  revised  the  work 
with  Bpecial  care,  adding  to  each  lesson  such 
fresh  matter  a_s  the  progress  in  the  ait  ren- 
dered necessary,  ami  he  has  enlarged  >t  by  i  he 
insertion  of  six  new  lesBons,  This  edition  «  ill. 
without  question,  be  as  eagerly  sough.1  for  as 
were  it--  predecessors.— Ameruan  Journal  of 
Obstetrics. 

Ifis  literary  style   is   peculiarly  charming. 

There  is  a  directness  and  simplicity  about  it 
which  is  easier  to  admire  than  to  copy,  lljs 
chain  of  plain  words  and  almost  blunt  expres- 
sions, his  familiar  comparison  and  homely 
illustrations,  make  his  writings,  like  his  lec- 


ture-, unusually  entertaining.    The  Bubstance 
of  his  teachings  we  regard  as  equallv  excel- 
lent. — Philadelphia    Medical   and    ,s<< 
Report*  r. 

Elxtended  mention  of  the  contents  of  the 
hook  is  unnecessary;  suffice  ii  to  -ay  that 
even  important  disease  found  in  the  female 
sex  is  taken  up  and  discussed  in  a  common- 
sense  kind  of  a  way.  We  wish  every  physic  Ian 
in  America  could  read  and  carry  out  the  sug- 
gestions <d'  the  chapter  on  "the  sexual  rela- 
tions as  causes  of  uterine  disorders— conjugal 
onanism  and  kindred  sins."  The  department 
treating  of  .nervous  counterfeits  oi  i 
diseases  i-  a  most  valuable  one— Kansas  City 
Mi  dical  Imlex. 


GUERNSEY 

Plain  Talks  on  Avoided  Subjects. 

By  Henry  N.  Guernsey,  M.D.,  formerly  Professor  of  Materia  Medics 

and  Institutes  in  the  Hahnemann  Medical  College  of  Philadelphia; 
author  of  Guernsey's  "  Obstetrios,"  including  the  Disorders  Peculiar  to 
Women  and  Young  Children;  Lectures  on  Materia  Medica,  etc.     The 

following  Table  <>f  Contents  shows  the  scope  of  the  book  : 

Contents. — Chapter  I.  Introductory.  II.  The  Infant.  111.  Child- 
hood. IV.  Adolescence  of  the  Male.  V.  Adolescence  of  the  Female. 
VI.  Marriage:  The  Husband.  VII.  The  Wife.  VIII.  Buabaud  and 
Wife.  IX.  To  the  Unfortunate.  X.  Origin  of  the  Sex.  In  one  neat 
Kiino  volume,  bound  in  I^xtra  Cloth. 

Price,  post-paid,  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  $1.00;  Great  Britain, 
6s. ;  France,  6  fr.  20. 


Medical  Publications  of  F.  A.  Davis,  Philadelphia. 


HARE 

Epilepsy:  Its  Pathology  and  Treatment. 

Beino  an  Essay  to  which  was  Awarded  a  Prize  op  Fotra  Thousand 

Francs  by  the  Academie  Royale  de  Medecine  de  Belgique, 
December  31,  1889. 

By  IIohart  Amory  Hark,  M.D.  (Univ.  of  Penna.),  B.Sc,  Professor  oi 
Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics  in  the  Jefferson  Medical  College,  Phila.  ; 
Physician  to  St.  Agnes'  Hospital  and  to  the  Children's  Dispensary  of  the  Chil- 
dren's Hospital  ;  Laureate  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Medicine  in  Belgium,  of 
the  Medical  Society  of  London,  etc.  ;  Member  of  the  Association  of  American 
Physicians. 

No.  7  in  the  Physicians'  and  Students'  Ready-Reference  Series.  12mo.  '.'28 
pages.     Neatly  bound  in  Dark -blue  Cloth. 

Price,  post-paid,  in  United  States  and  Canada,  $1.25,  net ;  in  Great 
Britain,  6s.  6d. ;  in  France,  7  fr.  75. 


It  is  representative  of  the  most  advanced 
views  of  the  profession,  and  the  subject  is 
pruned  of  the  vast  amount  of  superstition  and 
nonsense  that  generally  obtains  in  connection 
with  epilepsy. — Medical  Age. 

Every  physician  who  would  get  at  the  gist 
of  all  that  is  worth  knowing:  on  epilepsy,  and 
who  would  avoid  useless  research  among  the 
mass  of  literary  nonsense  which  pervades  all 
medical  libraries,  should  get  this  work." — The 
Sanitarian. 

It  contains  all  that  is  known  of  the  pathology 
of  this  strange  disorder,  a  clear  discussion  of 
the  diagnosis  from  allied  neuroses,  and  the 
very   latest  therapeutic  measures  for  relief. 


It  is  remarkable  for  its  clearness,  brevity,  and 
beauty  of  style.  It  is,  so  far  as  the  reviewer 
knows,  altogether  the  best  essay  ever  written 
upon  this  important  subject.— Kansas  City 
Medical  Index. 

The  task  of  preparing  the  work  must  have 
been  most  laborious,  but  we  think  that  Dr. 
Hare  will  be  repaid  for  his  efforts  by  a  wide 
appreciation  of  the  work  by  the  profession; 
for  the  book  will  be  instructive  to  those  who 
have  not  kept  abreast  with  the  recent  litera- 
ture upon  this  subject.  Indeed,  the  work  is  a 
sort  of  Dictionary  of  epilepsy — a  reference 
guide-book  upon  the  subject. — Alienist  and 
Neurologist. 


HARE 

Fever:  Its  Pathology  and  Treatment. 

Being  the  Boylston  Prize  Essay  of  Harvard  University  for  1890. 
Containing  Directions  and  the  Latest  Information  Con- 
cerning  the   Use   of   the   So-Called   Anti- 
pyretics in  Fever  and  Pain. 

By  Hobart  Amort  Hare,  M.D.  (Univ.  of  Penna.),  B.Sc,  Professor  of 
Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics  in  the  Jefferson  Medical  College,  Phila.; 
Physician  to  St.  Agnes'  Hospital  and  to  the  Children's  Dispensary  of  the  Chil- 
dren's Hospital;  Laureate  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Medicine  in  Belgium,  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  London,  etc.;  Member  of  the  Association  of  American 
Physicians. 

No.  10  in  the  Physicians'  and  Students'  Ready -Reference  Series.  12mo. 
Neatly  bound  in  Dark-blue  Cloth. 

Illustrated  with  more  than  25  new  plates  of  tracings  of  various  fever  cases, 
showing  beautifully  and  accurately  the  action  of  the  Antipyretics.  The  work 
also  contains  35  carefully  prepared  statistical  tables  of  249  cases  showing  the 
untoward  effects  of  the  antipyretics. 

Price,  post-paid,  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  $1.25,  net;  in  Great  Britain, 
6s.  6d. ;  in  France,  7  fr.  75. 

As  is  usual  with  this  author,  the  subject  is 
thoroughly  handled,  and  much  experimental 
and  clinical  evidence,  both  from  the  author's 

experience  and  that  of  others,  is  adduced  in 
support  of  the  view  taken. — New  York  Medical 
Abstract. 


The  author  has  done  an  able  piece  of  work 
in  showing  the  facts  as  far  as  they  are  known 
concerning  the  action  of  antipyrin,  anti- 
febrin,  phenaeetin,  thallin,  and  salicylic  acid. 
The  reader  will  certaiuly  find  the  work  oue  of 


the  most  interesting  of  its  excellent  group, 
the  Physicians'  and  Students'  Ready -Kef er- 
ence  Series. — Ttie  Dosimetric  Medical  Revit  w. 

Such  books-as  the  present  one  are  of  service 
to  the  student,  the  scientific  therapeutist,  and 
the  general  practitioner  alike,  for  much  can 
be  found  of  real  value  in  Dr.  H are's  honk,  with 
the  additional  advantage  that  it  is  up  to  the 
latest  researches  upon  the  subject. — Univer- 
sity Medical  Magazine. 


(10) 


Medical  Publications  of  F.  A.  Davis,  Philadelphia. 

JAMBS 
American    ReSOrtS.   With  Notes  upon  their  Climate. 

By  Bushrod  W.  James,  A.M.,  M.D.,  Member  of  the  American  Public 
Health  Association,  and  the  Academy  of  Natural   Bci(  a;  the 

Society  of  Alaskan  Natural  History  and  Ethnology,  Sitka.  Alaska,  etc.  With 
a  translation  from  the  German,  bj  Mi:.  B  Kaufpuann,  of  those  chapters  of '•  Die 
Kliniate  der  Erde "  written  by  Dr.  A.  Woeikof,  of  8t  Petersburg,  Russia,  that 
relate  to  North  and  South  America  and  the  Islands  and  ( lecatis  contiguous  thereto. 

This  is  a  unique  and  valuable  work,  and  useful  to  physicians  in  all  parts  of 
the   country.      We    mention    a    few  of  the    merits    it  Firs'.   Lis]    of 

all    the    Health    Resorts    of   the    country,    arranged    according    to    their  climate. 

Second.  Contains  just  the  information  needed  bytourists,  invalids,  ami  those  who 
visit  summer  or  winter  resorts.  Third.  The  latest  and  best  large  railroad  map  for 
reference.  Fov/rth.  It  indicates  the  climate  each  one  should  select  for  health. 
Fifth.  The  author  has  traveled  extensively,    and   most    of  his   -  >ns   are 

practical  in  reference  to  localties.  In  one  Octavo  volume.  Handsomely  bound 
in  Cloth.     Nearly  300  page^. 

Price,  post-paid,  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  $2.00,  net; 
Great  Britain,  lis.  61 ;  France,  12  fr.  40. 

Taken  altogether,  this  is  by  Ear  the  most       pathological    indications    and    constitutional 
complete  exposition  of  the  Buojecl  of  resorts       predispositions.— Tlu  Sanitarian. 

tluit  baa  yet  been  put  forth,  and  it  is  one  that  !■      The  book  before  us  is  a  very  comprehensive 


every  physician  must  needs  possess  intelligen 
information  apon.-BuflTalo  Med.  &  Surg.  Jour 
The  special  cbaptei  i  n  the  therapeul  cs  oj 
climate  .  .  is  excellent  for  its  precautionary 
suggestions  in  the  selection  <>i  climates  and 
local    conditions,    with    reference    t"    known 


volume,  giving  all  necessary  information  con- 
cerning climate,  temperature,  humidity,  sun- 
Bbine,  and  indeed  everything  nee — arj  to  be 
stated  for  the  benefit  of  the  physician  or 
invalii  health  i  esi  *1   ii   I  ie  I  uited 

States, — Southern  Clinic. 


Journal  of  Laryngology  and  Rhinology. 

Issued  on  the  First  of  Each  Month. 

Edited  by  Dr.  Norris  Wolfenden,  of  London,  and  Dr  John  MacintyTe,  of 
Glasgow,  with  the  active  aid  and  co-operation  of  Drs.  Dundas  Grant,  Barclay  J. 
Baron,  Hunter  Mackenzie,  and  Sir  Morell  .Mackenzie.  Besides  those  Bpe( 
in  Europe  and  America  wlio  have  so  ably  assisted  in  the  collaboration  of  the 
Journal,  a  number  of  new  correspondents  have  undertaken  to  assist  the  editors  in 
keeping  the  Journal  up  to  date,  and  furnishing  it  with  matin-  of  interest. 
Amongsl  these  are:  Drs.  Sajous,  of  Philadelphia;  Middlemass  Hunt,  of  Liver- 
pool; M.llow,  of  Rio  Janeiro;  Sedziak,  of  Warsaw;  Draispul,  of  St.  Petersburg, 
etc.     Drs.  Michael,  Joal,  Elolger,  Mygind,  Prof.  Massei,  and  Dr.  Valerius  [delson 

Will  still  collaborate  the  literature  of  their  respective  countries. 

Price,  13s.  or  $3.00  per  annum  (inclusive  of  Postage).    For  single  copies,  however,  a 
charge  of  Is.  3i  (30  cents)  will  be  made.    Sample  Copy,  25  Cents. 


KEATING 

Record-Book  of  Medical  Examinations 

Fob  l.iii.  I ksi  bancs. 
Designed  by  Johs  M   Keating,  Rl.D. 

This  record-book    is  small,  neat,  and   complete,  and   embraces  all  the   prin- 
cipal points  that  arc  required  by  the  different  companies.     It  is  made  in  two 
viz.:  No.  1.  covering  one  hundred  (100)  examinations,  and  No.  8,  coverii 
hundred  (200)  examinations.     The  Bize  of  the  book  is7x8j  inches,  and  can  be 
conveniently  carried  in  the  pocket. 

r.  s.  and  I  aicul.i.         t;re. it  Bi  Italn.      I 
No.  1.    For  100  Examinations,  in  Cloth,    -    -    $  .50  Net  3s.  6i         3  fr.  60 

No.  2.    For  200  Examinations,  in  Full 

Leather,  with  Side  Flap,    -    -    -    -      1.00    "  6s.  6  fr.  20 

(in 


Medical  Publications  of  F.  A.  Davis,  Philadelphia. 


KEATING  and  EDWARDS 

Diseases  of  the  Heart  and  Circulation. 

In  Infancy  and  Adolescence.     With  an  Appendix  entitled  "  Clinical 
Studies  on  the  Pulse  in  Childhood." 

By  John  M.  Keating,  M.D.,  Obstetrician  to  the  Philadelphia  Hospital, 
and  Lecturer  on  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children;  Burgeon  to  the  Maternity 
Hospital;  Physician  to  St.  Joseph's  Hospital;  Fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
of  Philadelphia,  etc.;  and  William  A.  Edwards,  M.D.,  Instructor  in  Clinical 
Medicine  and  Physician  to  the  Medical  Dispensary  in  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania;  Physician  to  St.  Joseph's  Hospital;  Fellow  of  the  College  of 
Physicians;  formerly  Assistant  Pathologist  to  the  Philadelphia  Hospital,  etc. 

Illustrated  by  Photographs  and  Wood-Engravings.  About  225  pages.  Oc- 
tavo.    Bound  in  Cloth. 

Price,  post-paid,  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  $1.50,  net;  in  Great 
Britain,  8s.  6d. ;  in  France,  9  fr.  35. 


Drs.  Keating  and  Edwards  have  produced  a 
work  that  will  give  material  aid  to  every 
doctor  in  his  practice  among  children.  The 
Style  of  the  book  is  graphic  and  pleasing,  the 
diagnostic  points  are  explicit  and  exact,  and 
the  therapeutical  resources  include  the  novel- 
ties of  medicine  as  well  as  the  old  and  tried 
agents. — Pittsburgh  Med.  Review. 


It  is  not  a  mere  compilation,  but  a  systematic 
treatise,  and  bears  evidence  of  considerable 
labor  and  observation  on  the  part  of  the 
authors.  Two  fine  photographs  of  dissections 
exhibit  mitral  Stenosis  and  initial  regurgita- 
tion ;  there  are  also  a  number  of  wood-cuts. 
— Cleveland  Medical  Gazette. 


LIEBIG  and  ROHE 

Practical  Electricity  in  Medicine  $  Surgery. 

By  G.  A.  Liebig,  Jr.,  Ph  D.,  Assistant  in  Electricity,  Johns  Hopkins 
University  ;  Lecturer  on  Medical  Electricity,  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
Baltimore  ;  Member  of  the  American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers,  etc.  ;  and 
George  H.  Rohe,  M.D.,  Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  Hygiene,  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons,  Baltimore  ;  Visiting  Physician  to  Bay  View  and  City  Hos- 
pitals ;  Director  of  the  Maryland  Maternite  ;  Associate  Editor  "Annual  of  the 
Universal  Medical  Sciences."  etc. 

Profusely  Illustrated  by  Wood-Engravings  and  Original  Diagrams,  and 
published  in  one  handsome  Royal  Octavo  volume  of  383  pages,  bound  in  Extra 
Cloth. 

The  constantly  increasing  demand  for  this  work  attests  its  thorough  relia- 
bility and  its  popularity  with  the  profession,  and  points  to  the  fact  that  it  is 
already  the  standard  work  on  this  very  important  subject.  The  part  on  Physical 
Electricity,  written  by  Dr.  Liebig,  one  of  the  recognized  authorities  on  the 
science  in  the  United  States,  treats  fully  such  topics  of  interest  as  Storage  Bat- 
teries, Dynamos,  the  Electric  Light,  and  the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Electrical 
Measurement  in  their  Relations  to  Medical  Practice.  Professor  Rohe,  who  writes 
on  Electro-Therapeutics,  discusses  at  length  the  recent  developments  of  Electricity 
in  the  treatment  of  stricture,  enlarged  prostate,  uterine  fibroids,  pelvic  cellulitis, 
and  other  diseases  of  the  male  and  female  genito-urinary  organs.  The  applica- 
tions of  Electricity  in  dermatology,  as  well  as  in  the  diseases  of  the  nervous 
system,  are  also  fully  considered. 

Price,  post-paid,  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  $2.00,  net;  in  Great 
Britain,  lis.  6d. ;  France,  12  fr.  40. 


Any  physician,  especially  if  he  be  a  beginner 
in  electro-therapeutics,  will  be  well  repaid  by 
a  careful  study  of  this  work  by  Liebig  and 
Rohe.  For  a  "work  on  a  special  subject  the 
price  is  low,  and  no  one  can  give  a  good  ex- 
cuse for  remaining  in  ignorance  of  so  impor- 
tant a  subject  as  electricity  in  medicine. — 
Toledo  Medical  and  /Surgical  Reporter. 

The  entire  work  is  thoroughly  scientific  and 
practical,  and  is  really  what  the  authors  have 
aimed  to  produce,  "a  trustworthy  guide  to 
the  application  of  electricity  in  the  practice  of 
medicine  and  Surgery." — New  York  Medical 
Times. 


In  its  perusal,  with  each  succeeding  page, 
we  have  been  more  and  more  impressed  with 
the  fact  that  here,  at  lasr,  we  have  a  treatise 
on  electricity  in  medicine  and  surgery  which 
amply  fulfills  its  purpose,  and  which  is  sure  of 
general  adoption  by  reason  of  its  thorough 
excellence  and  superiority  to  other  work-  in- 
tended to  cover  the  same  field.— Pharmaceu- 
tical Era. 

After  carefully  looking  over  this  work,  we 
incline  to  the  belief  that  the  intelligent  physi- 
cian who  is  familiar  with  the  general  subject 
will  be  greatly  interested  and  profited. — 
American  Lancet. 


(12) 


Medical  Publications  of  F.  A.  I)aci.<,  Philadelphia. 


31ASSJEY 

Electricity  in  the  Diseases  of  Women. 

With   Special  Reference  to  the   Application  op  Strong  Currents. 

By  G.  Bettoh  MassSy,  M.I).,  Physician  to  the  Gynaecological  Departmenl 

of  the  Howard  Hospital;  late  Electro  therapeutist  to  the  Philadelphia  Ortbi 
Hospital  and  Infirmary  for  Nervous  Diseases;  Member  of  the  American  Neuro- 
logical Association,  of  the  Philadelphia  Neurological  Society,  of  the  Franklin 
Institute,  etc.  Second  Edition.  Revised  and  Enlarged.  With  New  and 
Original  Wood-Engravings.  Handsomely  hound  in  Dark-Blue  Cloth.  240  pages. 
12mo.    No.  6  in  the  Physicians'  and  Students'  Ready-Beferena  Series. 

This  work  is  presented  to  the  profession  as  t  he  most  complete  treatise  vet 
issued  on  the  electrical  treatment  of  the  diseases  of  women,  and,  is  destined"  to 
fill  the  increasing  demand  for  clear  and  practical  instruction  in  the  handling  and 
use  of  Btrong  currents  after  the  recent  methods  first  advocated  by  Apostoli  The 
whole  subject  is  treated  from  the  present  Stand -point  of  electric  science  with  m  ir 
and  original  illustrations,  the  thorough  studies  of  the  author  and  his  wide  clinical 
experience  rendering  him  an  authority  upon  electricity  itself  and  its  therapeutic 

applications.  The  author  lias  enhanced  the  practical  value  of  the  work  by 
including  the  cruet  details  of  treatment  and  results  in  a  number  of  cases  taken  from 
his  private  and  hospital  practice. 

Price,  post-paid,  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  $1.50,  net ;  in  Great 
Britain,  8s.  6d. ;  in  France,  9  fr.  35. 

A  new  edition  of  this  practical  manual  at- 
tests the  utility  of  its  existence  and  the  recog- 
nition ot  its  merit.  The  directions  are  simple, 
easy  to  follow  and  to  put  into  practice  ;  the 
ground  is  well  covered,  and  nothing  is  assumed, 
the  entire  book  being  the  record  oi  experii  nee. 
— Journal  <>f  Sen-mix  mill  Metital  Diseases. 

it  is  only  a  few  months  since  we  noticed  the 

fil'Sl  edition  of  this  little  hook;  and  it  is  only 
necessary  to  add  now  that  we  consider  it  the 
best  ti  eat  ise  on  this  subject  we  have  seen,  and 


that  the  improvements  introduced  into  this 
edition  make  it  more  valuable  still. —  Boston 
M,  dical  and  Surgical  Journ. 

The  style  i>  clear,  but  condensed  Useless 
detaile  are  omitted,  the  repoi  ts  of  cases  bein^ 
pruned  of  all  irrelevant  material.  The  book 
is  an  exceedingly  valuable  one.  and  represents 
an  amount  of  study  ami  experience  which  is 
only  appreciated  after  a  careful  reading.— 
M,  dical  Record. 


MAKTON 

Childbed;  Its  Management;  Diseases  and 
Their  Treatment. 

By  Walter  P.  Manton,  M.D.,  Visiting  Physician  to  the  Detroit  Woman's 
Hospital;  Consulting  Gynaecologist  to  the  Eastern  Michigan  Asylum;  Presidenl 
<>f  the  Detroit  Gynaecological  Society;  Fellow  of  the  American  Society  of  Ob- 
stetricians and  Gynaecologists,  and  of  the  British  Gynaecological  Society  ;  Member 
of  Michigan  State  Medical  Society,  etc.     In  one  neat   12mo  volume,      \  in 

th(  Physicians' and  Students*  Reaay-Referena  Series     In  Preparation. 


Medical  Bulletin. 

A  Monthly  Journal  of  Medicine  asp  Surgery. 

Edited  by  John  V.  SHOEMAKER,  A.M.,  M  D.  Bright,  Original,  and  read- 
able.  Articles  by  the  best  practical  writers  procurable.  Every  article  as  brief  he 
is  consistent,  with  the. preservation  of  its  scientific  value.  Therapeutic  [Totes  l\ 
the  leaders  of  the  medical  profession  throughout  the  world  These,  and  many 
other  unique  features,   help  to  keep  The    Medical    Bulletin    In   it-  present 

position  as  the  leading  low  price  .Medical   Monthly  of  the  world.      Subscribe  now 

TEEMS :  $1.00  a  year  in  advance  in  United  States,  Canada,  and  Mexico. 
Foreign  Subscription  Terms :  England,  5s. ;  France,  6  fr. ;  Germany, 
6  marks;  Japan,  1  yen;  Australia,  5s.;  Holland,  3  florins. 

(13) 


Medical  Publications  of  F.  A.  Davis,  Philadelphia. 


The  Medical  Bulletin  Visiting-List  or 
Physicians'  Call  Record. 

Arranged  upon  an  Original  and  Convenient  Monthly  and  Weekly 
Plan  for  the  Daily  Recording  of  Professional  Visits. 


Frequent  Rewriting  of  Names  Unnecessary. 

THIS  Visiting-List  is  arranged  so  that  the  names  of  patients  need  be  written 
but  once  a  month  instead  of  four  times  a  month,  as  in  the  old-style  lists. 
By  means  of  a  new  feature,  a  simple  device  consisting  of  stub  oh  HALF 
leaves  IN  the  FORM  OF  inserts,  the  first  week's  visits  are  recorded  in  the  usual 
way,  and  the  second  week's  visits  are  begun  by  simply  turning  over  the  half-leaf 
without  the  necessity  of  rewriting  the  patients'  names.  This  very  easily  under- 
stood process  is  repeated  until  the  month  is  ended  and  the  record  has  been  kept 
complete  in  every  detail  of  visit,  charge,  credit,  etc.,  and  the  labor  and  time 
of  entering  and  transferring  names  at  least  three  times  in  the  month  has  been 
saved.  There  are  no  intricate  rulings  ;  not  the  least  amount  of  time  can  be  lost 
in  comprehending  the  plan,  for  it  is  acquired  at  a  glance. 

THE  THREE  DIFFERENT  STYLES  MADE. 

The  No.  1  Style  of  this  List  provides  space  for  the  daily  record  of  seventy 
different  names  each  month  for  a  year  ;  for  physicians  who  prefer  a  List  that  will 
accommodate  a  larger  practice  we  have  made  a  No.  2  Style,  which  provides 
space  for  the  daily  record  of  105  different  names  each  month  for  a  year,  and  for 
physicians  who  may  prefer  a  Pocket  Record-Book  of  less  thickness  than  either  of 
these  styles  we  have  made  a  No.  3  Style,  in  which  "The  Blanks  for  the  Record- 
ing of  Visits  in  "  have  been  made  into  removable  sections.  These  sections  are 
very  thin,  and  are  made  up  so  as  to  answer  in  full  the  demand  of  the  largest 
practice,  each  section  providing  ample  space  for  the  daily  record  of  210  dif- 
ferent names  for  two  months  ;  or  105  different  names  daily  each  month  for  four 
months;  or  seventy  different  names  daily  each  month  for  six  mouths.  Six  sets 
of  these  sections  go  with  each  copy  of  No.  3  Style. 

SPECIAL  FEATURES  NOT  FOUND  IN  ANY  OTHER  LIST. 

In  this  No.  3  Style  the  printed  matter,  and  such  matter  as  the  blank 
forms  for  Addri.sses  of  Pattents,  Obstetric  Record,  Vaccination  Record, 
Cash  Account.  Birth  and  Death  Records,  etc.,  are  fastened  permanently  in  the 
back  of  the  book,  thus  reducing  its  thickness.  The  addition  of  one  of  these 
removable  sections  does  not  increase  the  thickness  more  than  an  eighth  of  an  inch. 
This  brings  the  book  into  such  a  small  compass  that  no  one  can  object  to  it  on 
account  of  its  thickness,  as  its  bulk  is  very  much  less  than  that  of  any  visiting- 
list  ever  published.  Every  physician  will  at  once  understand  that  as  soon  as  a 
section  is  full  it  can  be  taken  out,  filed  away,  and  another  inserted  without  the 
least  inconvenience  or  trouble.  Extra  or  additional  sections  trill  be  furnished  at 
any  time  for  15  rents  each  or  $1.75  per  dozen.  This  Visiting-List  contains  calen- 
dars, valuable  miscellaneous  data,  important  tables,  and  other  useful  printed 
matter  usually  placed  in  Physicians'  Visiting-Lists. 

Physicians  of  many  years'  standing  and  with  large  practices  pronounce  it 
the  Best  Ltst  they  have  ever  seen.  It  is  handsomely  bound  in  fine,  strong 
leather,  with  flap,  including  a  pocket  for  loose  memoranda",  etc.,  and  is  furnished 
with  a  Dixon  lead-pencil  of  excellent  quality  and  finish.  It  is  compact  and  con- 
venient for  carrying  in  the  pocket.     Size,  4x6f  inches. 

iisr  t:&3::e3.:e::e:  styles.  net  prices. 

No.  1.     Regular  size,  to  accommodate  70  patients  daily  each  month  for  one  year,     .     .     .     81.25 

No.  3.     Large  size,  to  accommodate  105  patients  daily  each  month  for  one  year SI. 50 

No.  3.     In  which  the  "  Blanks  for  Recording  Visits  in  "  are  in  removable  sections,  .     .     .     SI. 75 

Special  Edition  for  Great  Britain,  without  printed  matter,        4s.  6d. 

N.  B.—The  Recording  of  Visits  in  this  List  may  be  Commenced  at  any  time  during  the  Year. 

(14) 


Medical  Publications  of  F.  A.  Davis.  Philadelphia. 


JIICHEXEIt 


Hand-Book  of  Eclampsia ; 

By  E.   Mk'hkxkk,  M.D. ;  J.  II.  Stubbs,  M.I). 
THOMPSON,  M.D.  ;  S.  Stebbins,  M.D.     lGmo.     Cloth. 


or,  notes  a!*i>  cases 

ok   i»h:ri'i:rai. 

convh.sions. 


R.   B.  Ewing,  M.I).  ;  B. 


Price,  60  cents,  net ;  in  Great  Britain,  4s.  61 ;  France,  i  fr.  20. 


KISSEN 
A   MANUAL  OF   INSTRUCTION    FOR   GIVING 

Swedish  Movement  $  Massage  Treatment 

By  Prof.  Habtvig  Nisskn,  late  Director  of  the  Swedish  Eealth  Institute, 
Washington,  1).  ('.  ;  late  Instructor  in  Physical  Culture  and  Gymnastics  at  the 
Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  Bid.  ;  Instructor  of  Swedish  and  German 
Gymnastics  at  Harvard  University's  Bummer  School,  L891. 

This  excellent  little  volume  treats  this  very  important  subject  in  a  practical 
manner.  Full  instructions  are  given  regarding  the  mode  of  applying  the  Swedish 
Movement  and  Massage  Treatment  in  various  diseases  and  conditions  of  the 
human  system  with  the  greatest  degree  of  effectiveness.  Professor  Nissen  is  the 
best  authority  in  the  United  States  upon  the  practical  phase  of  this  subject,  and 
his  book  is  indispensable  to  every  physician  who  wishes  to  know  how  to  use  these 
valuable  handmaids  of  medicine. 

Illustrated  with  29  Original  Wood-Engravings.  In  one  12mo  volume  of 
12-^  Pages.     Neatly  bound  in  Cloth, 

Price,  post-paid,  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  $1.00,  net; 
Great  Britain,  6s. ;  France,  6  fr.  20. 


This  manual  Is  valuable  to  the  practitioner, 

a>  it  contain-,  a  terse  description  of  a  subject 
but  too  little  understood  in  this  country.  .  . 
The  book  is  ^ot  up  very  creditably.— TV.  )'. 

The  present  volume  is  a  modest  account  of 
the  application  of  the  Swedish  Movement  and 
Massage  Treatment,  in  which  the  technique  of 


the  various  procedures  are  clearly  stab  <\  aa 
well  as  illustrated  in  a  Ten  excellent  manner. 
—Zfarth  American  Practitioner, 

This  attractive  little  book  presents  the  sub 
ject  in  a  very  practical  Shape,  and  makes  it 
possible  tor  every  physician  to  understand  at 
[<  as)  bow  it  is  applied",  if  it  does  not  g  ve  him 
dexterity  in  the  art  of  its  application.— -Chicago 
Mi  d,  limes. 


Physicians'  Interpreter. 

In  Four  Languages  (English,  French,  German,  and  Italian). 
Specially  Arranged  for  Diagnosis  by  M.  von  V. 

The  ohjeel  of  this  little  work  is  to  meet  a  need  often  keenly  felt  by  the  busy 
physician,  namely,  the  need  of  some  quick  and  reliable  method  of  communicating 
intelligibly  with*  patients  of  those  nationalities  and  languages  unfnmiliar  to  the 
practitioner.  The  plan  of  the  hook  is  a  systematic  arrangement  of  questions 
upon  the  various  branches  oi  Practical  .Medicine,  and  each  question  is  so  worded 
thai  the  only  answer  required  of  the  patient  is  merely  res  or  No.  The  questions 
arc  all  numbered,  and  a  complete  Index  renders  them  always  available  for  quick 
reference.  The  hook  is  written  by  one  who  is  well  versed  in  English,  French, 
German,  and  Italian,  being  an  excellent  teacher  in  all  those  languages,  and  who 
has  also  had  considerable  hospital  experience.  Bound  in  Pull  Russia  Leather, 
for  carrying  in  the  pocket.    Size,  5x2j  inches.    906  pages. 

Price,  post-paid,  in  "Jnited  States  and  Canada,  $1.00,  net ;  Great 
Britain,  6s. ;  France,  6  fr.  20. 


Many  other  books  of  the  same  Bort,  with 
more  extensive  vocabularies,  have  i n  pub- 
lished, but,  from  their  see.  and  from  their 
being  usually  devoted  to  equivalants  in  Eng- 
lish and  one  other  language  only,  they  have 
not  had  the  advantage  which  is  pre-eminent 
in  this— convenience,  it  Ishandiwmel)  printed, 
and  hound  in  flexible  red  leather  in  the  form 
of  a  diary.  It  would  scarcely  make  itseli  t .  it 
in  one's  hip-pocket,  and  Would  insure  its 
bearer  against   any   ordinary  conversational 


difficulty    in    dealing   with    foreign-Bp< 
people,  who  are  constantly   o  ming  Into  oar 
-  Bpitals.—  .v.  !/•  York  tfedicatJoxu 

This    little    \oluine    is  nne    of   the   111"-- 

nioua  aids  to  th.>  physician  winch  we  have 
Been.     We  heartily  commend  the  book  ' 
one  who.  being  without  a  knowledge  i 
foreign  tango  iges,  Is  obliged  to  i 
who  do  not  kti"w (oir own  language.—  BL  Louta 
Courier  of  Mi  dUtin* . 


(15) 


Medical  Publications  of  F.  A.  Davis,  Philadelphia, 


Physician's  All-Requisite  Time-  and  Labor- 
Saving  Account-Book. 

IJking  a   Ledger   and   Account-Book  for   Physicians'   Use,  Meeting 
all  the  Requirements  of  the  Law  and  Courts. 

Designed  by  William  A.  Seibert,  M.D  ,  of  Easton,  Pa. 

Probably  no  class  of  people  lose  more  money  through  carelessly  kept 
accounts  and  overlooked  or  neglected  bills  than  physicians.  Often  detained  at 
the  bedside  of  the  sick  until  late  at.  night,  or  deprived  of  even  a  modicum  of  rest, 
it  is  with  great  difficulty  that  he  spares  the  time  or  puts  himself  in  condition  to 
give  the  same  care  to  his  own  financial  interests  that  a  merchant,  a  lawyer,  or 
even  a  farmer  devotes.  It  is  then  plainly  apparent  that  a  system  of  bookkeeping 
and  accounts  that,  without  sacrificing  accuracy,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  ensuring 
it,  at  the  same  time  relieves  the  keeping  of  a  physician's  book  of  half  their 
complexity  and  two-thirds  the  labor,  is  a  convenience  which  will  be  eagerly 
welcomed  by  thousands  of  overworked  physicians.  Such  a  system  has  at  last 
been  devised,  and  we  take  pleasure  in  offering  it  to  the  profession  in  the  form  ot 
The  Physician's  All-Requisite  Time-  and  Labor-  Saving  Account-Book. 

There  is  no  exaggeration  in  stating  that  this  Account-Book  and  Ledger 
reduces  the  labor  of  keeping  your  accounts  more  than  one  half,  and  at  the  same 
time  secures  the  greatest  degree  of  accuracy.  We  may  mention  a  few  of  the 
superior  advantages  of  The  Physician's  All-Requisite  Time-  and  Labor-  Saving 
Account-Book,  as  follows  : — 


First — Will  meet  all  the  requirements 
of  the  law  and  courts. 

Second — Self-explanatory  ;  no  cipher 
code. 

Third— Its  completeness  without  sacri- 
flcing  anything. 

Fourth — No  posting  ;  one  entry  only. 

Fifth — Universal  ;  can  be  commenced  at 
any  time  of  the  year,  and  can  be 
continued  indefinitely  until  every 
accwunt  is  filled. 

Sixth— Absolutely  no  waste  of  space. 

Seventh — One  person  must  needs  be 
sick  every  day  of  the  year  to  fill 
his  account,  or  might  be  ten  years 
about  it  and  require  no  more  than 
the  space  for  one  account  in  this 
ledger. 

Eighth— Double  the  number  and  many 
times  more  than  the  number  of  ac- 


counts in  any  similar  book  ;  the 
300-page  book  contains  space  for 
900  accounts,  and  the  600-page 
book  contains  space  for  1800  ac- 
counts. 

Ninth — There  are  no  smaller  spaces. 

Tenth — Compact  without  sacrificing 
completeness  ;  every  account  com- 
plete on  same  page — a  decided  ad- 
vantage and  recommendation. 

Eleventh — Uniform  size  of  leaves. 

Twelfth — The  statement  of  the  most 
complicated  account  is  at  once  be- 
fore you  at  any  time  of  month  or 
year — in  other  words,  the  account 
itself  as  it  stands  is  its  simplest 
statement. 

Thirteenth — Xo  transferring  of  accounts, 
balances,  etc. 


To  all  physicians  desiring  a  quick,  accurate,  and  comprehensive  method  of 
keeping  their  accounts,  we  can  safely  say  that  no  book  as  suitable  as  this  one  has 
ever  been  devised.  A  descriptive  circular  showing  the  plan  of  the  book  will  be 
sent  on  application. 


NET  PRICES,  SHIPPING  EXPENSES  PREPAID, 

o.  1.  300  Pages,  for  900  Accounts  per  Year, 
Sine  10sl2,  Bound  in  & -Russia,  Raised  inu.s 
Back-Bands,  Cloth  Sides,         .       .       .    $5.00 

t  2.  600  Pages,  for  1800  Acoounts  per  Year, 
Size  10sl2,  Bound  in  # -Russia,  Raised 
Sack-Bands,  Cloth  Sides,  .       .      8.00 

(16) 


Canada 
(dutv  paid). 

$5.50 


8.80 


Great 
Britain. 

28s. 


France. 
30  fr.  30 


42s.         49  fr.  40 


Medical  Publications  of  F.  A.  Davis,  Philadelphia. 
PRICE  and  BAGLETON 

Three  Charts  of  the  IMervo-Vascular  System. 

Taut  I. — The  Nerves.      Part  II. — Thb  Arterier 
Part  III. — The  Veins. 

a  New  Edition.  Revised  and  Perfected.     Arranged  by  "W    Herri  Price, 
M.D.,  and  S.  Potts  Eagleton,  M.D.     Endorsed  by  leading  anatomists.    Clearly 

and   beautifully  printed  upon  extra  durable  paper. 

PART  I.    The  Nerves. — Gives  in  a  clear  form  not  only  the  Cranial  and  Spinal  V 

in;;  the  formation  of  the  different  Plexuses  and  tbeii  branches,  hot  alio  the  complete 
distribution  ol  the  Sympathetic  Nekvbs. 

I'AKT  II.     The  Arteries — Gives  a   Unique    grouping  of    tile    Arti -i  'i£   the 

lions  and  subdivisions  of  ;ill  the  vessels,  beginning  from  the  heart  and  tnu  big  their 

continuous  distribution  to  the   periphery,  and  showing   at  a  glanftfi  the  terminal 

branches  of  each  artery. 
PART  III.    The  Veins. — shows  how  the  blood  from  the  peripherj  >>(  tin-  body  i-  gradnall) 

collected  by  the  larger  veins,  and  these  coalescing  forming  stiii  largei  veaw  is.  an  til  the) 

finally  trace  themselves  into  the  Right  Auricle  01  tbebi 

It  is  therefore  readily  seen  that   "The  Nervo-\£ascular  System  of  Charts" 
offers  the  following  superior  advantages  : — 

1.  It  is  the  only  arrangement  which  combines  the  Th  ms,  and  yet 

each  is  perfect  and  distinct  in  itself. 

2.  It  is  the  only  instance  of  the  Cranial,  Spinal,  and   Sympathetic  >■'• 

Systems  being  represented  on  one  chart. 

3.  From  its  neat  size  and  clear  type,  and  being  printed  only  Up 

it  may  be  tacked  up  in  any  convenient  place,  ami  is  always  ready  ioi  freshening 
up  the  memory  and  reviewing  for  examination. 

Price,  post-paid,  in  United  States  and  Canada,  50  cents,  net,  complete ;  in 

Great  Britain,  3s.  6i ;  in  France,  3  fr.  60. 

For  the  student  of  anatomy  there  can  p,,s.       its  price  is  nominal  and  its  value  inestimabl 


sibly  be  no  more  concise  wa\  of  acquiring  a 
knowledge  of  the  nerves,  veins,  and  arteries 
of  the  human  s> stem.    It  pr<  fiance 

their  trunks  and  branches  in  the  great  divis- 
ions of  the  body.  It  will  save  a  world  of  tedi- 
ous  reading,    and   will    impress    itself    mi    the         iziml'  their  anatouiic.il  Midies.  —  Buffa 

mind  as  no  ordinary  vade  nu  rum.  even,  could.       ana  Burg.  ■/■■it. 


v.  -i  mi,  nt    should    !••'  « Ithout 
I ../  Medicim  and  Burg*  i >/. 

These  are  three  admirably  arnu 

for  the    use  of  student!',  to  as-i-t   in  meuior- 


n  any 

Diabetes:  Its  Cause,  Symptoms  $  Treatment 

By  ('has.  W.  1Vi;hy,  M.D.  (Queen's  University),  Honorary  Felloe  of  the 
Royal  i  lollege  of  Physicians  and  Burgeons  of  Kingston  ;  Member  of  the  i  !olleg< 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  ol  Ontario,  Author  of  "Bright'i  Dh    i 
Affections  of  the  Kidneys  ;  "   Member  of  the  Association  of  Amerit  an  Pbvsiciani  . 
Member  of  the  American  Medical  Association;  Member  of  the  Chicago  Academy 

of  Sciences,  etc. 

Contents. — Section  I.   Historical,  Geographical,  and  Climatological  Con- 
Biderations  of  Diabetes  Mellitus.     II.   Physiological  and  Pathological  Con 
tions  of  Diabetes   Mellitua       HI.   Etiology  of   Diabetes   Mellitus.      I\     M 
Anatomy  of  Diabetes  Mellitus.     V.  Symptomatology  of  Diabetes  Mellitus      \l 
Treatment  of  Diabetes  Mellitus.     VII.  clinical  Illustrations  of  Diabetes  Mellitus. 
Ylll.  Diabetes  Insipidus  ;  Bibliography. 

l2mo      Dark  Blue  Extra  Cloth.     Nearly  900  pages      With  Clinical  lllns 
(rations      No.  8  in  the  Physicians'  <tnti  8tudtnt»'  Bead$  Btferenct  8tHm, 

Price,  post-paid,  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  $1.25,  net;  in  Great 
Britain,  6s.  6i ;  in  France,  7  fr.  75. 


This  will  prove  a  most,  entertaining  as  well 

as  most  interesting  treatise  upon  a  disease 
whicb  frequently  tails  to  the  lot  of  even 
practitioner.  The  work  has  been  written  with 
a  special  view  of  bringing  out  the  features  ol 
the  disease  as  it  occurs  in  the  United  Btates. 

The  author  has  very  judiciously  arranged   the 


lisbed  which  have  dealt  with  th< 

.  ~.  we  kno*  •  •(  none  *  h  i  chl\ 

cunsiders    its   relations    to    I 
c, unlit  Ions  «  hi<  h  c\  i-t   in  1 1  ■ 
nor  \\  Inch  is  more  i  nmpletr  it 
the   svmptoin.it, ,1,.l:v    ami    tr< 
affection.     A  number  ol  table*,  rtinwii 


tittle  volume,  and  ft  will  offer  many  pleasant  pei  "  ,. ,'  " 

attractions    to    the    practitioner.— Nashville  alcoholic  i.evei 

Journalqf  Medicine  and  Surgery.  the  value  of  theworl      areaWoM    I 
While  many  monographs   have  been   pub- 

(17) 


Medical  Publications  of  F.  A.  Davis,  PhiladelphQh. 
REMONDINO 

Circumcision :  Its  History,  Modes  of 
Operation,  Etc. 

From  the  Earltest  Times  to  the  Present;  with  a  History  of 
Eunuchism,  Hkrmaphrodism,  etc.,  as  Observed  Among  all  Rapes 
and  Nations;  also  a  Description  of  the  Different  Operative 
Methods  of  Modern  Surgery  Practiced  upon  the  Prepuce. 

By  P.  C.  Remondino,  M.D.  (Jefferson)  ;  Member  of  the  American  Medical 
Association;  Member  of  the  American  Public  Health  Association;  Vice-Presidenl 
of  the  State  Medical  Society  of  California,  and  of  the  Southern  California  Medical 
Society,  etc.,  etc. 

No.  11  in  the  Physicians'  and  Students'  Ready  Reference  Series.  About  350 
pages.     12mo.     Handsomely  bound  in  Dark-Blue  Cloth.     Just  Ready. 

Price,  post-paid,  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  $1.25,  net;  in  Great 
Britain,  8s.  6d. ;  in  France,  7  fr.  75.  Cheap  Edition  (paper  binding), 
United  States  and  Canada,  50  cents,  net,  post-paid;  Great  Britain, 
4s.  3d. ;  France,  i  fr.  20. 


ROHE 

Text-Book  of  Hygiene. 

A  Comprehensive  Treatise  on  the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Pre- 
ventive Medicine  from  an  American  Stand-point. 

By  George  H.  Rohe,  M.D.,  Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  Hygiene  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Baltimore  ;  Member  of  the  American  Public 
Health  Association,  etc. 

Every  Sanitarian  should  have  Robe's  "Text-Book  of  Hygiene"  as  a  work 
of  reference.  Of  this  New  (second)  edition,  one  of  the  best  qualified  judges, 
namely,  Albert  L.  Gihon,  M.D.,  Medical  Director,  U.  S.  Navy,  in  charge  of  U.  S 
Naval  Hospital,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  and  ex-President  of  the  American  Public 
Health  Association,  writes  :  "It  is  the  most  admirable,  concise  resume  of  the  facts 
of  Hygiene  with  which  I  am  acquainted.  Prof.  Robe's  attractive  style  makes 
the  book  so  readable  that  no  better  presentation  of  the  important  place  of  Pre- 
ventive Medicine,  among  their  studies,  can  be  desired  for  the  younger  members, 
especially,  of  our  profession. 

Second  Edition,  thoroughly  revised  and  largely  rewritten,  with  many 
illustrations  and  valuable  tables.  In  one  handsome  Royal  Octavo  volume  of 
over  400  pages,  bound  in  Extra  Cloth. 

^    Price,  post-paid,  in  United  States,  $2.50,  net;  Canada  (duty  paid),  $2.75, 
net ;  Great  Britain,  lis. ;  France,  16  fr.  20. 


In  short  the  work  contains  brief  and  prac- 
tical articles  on  hygienic  regulation  of  life, 
under  almost  all  conditions.  One  prominent 
feature  is  that  there  are  no  superfluous  words ; 
every  sentence  is  direct  to  the  point  sought. 
It  is,  therefore,  easy  reading,  and  conveys  very 
much  information  in  little  space. — The  "Pacific 
Record  of  Medicine  and  Surgery. 

Truly  a  most  excellent  and  valuable  work, 
comprising  the  accepted  facts  in  regard  to 
preventive  medicine,  clearly  stated  and  well 
arranged.  It  is  unquestionably  a  work  that 
should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  physician  in 
the  country,  and  medical  students  will  find  it 
a  most  excellent  and  valuable  text-book. — Tlie 
Southern  Practitioner. 

The  first  edition  was  rapidly  exhausted,  and 
the  book  justly  became  an  authority  to  physi- 
cians and  sanitary  officers,  and  a  text-book  very 
generally  adopted  in  the  colleges  throughout 
America".  The  second  edition  is  a  great  improve- 
ment over  the  first,  all  of  the  matter  being  thor- 


oughly revised,  much  of  it  being  rewritten, 
and  many  additions  being  made.  The  size  of 
the  booli  is  increased  one  hundred  pages. 
The  book  has  the  original  recommendation  of 
being  a  handsomely-bound,  clearly-printed 
octavo  volume,  profusely  illustrated  with  re- 
liable references  for  every  branch  of  the 
subject  matter.— Medical  Record. 

Tiie  wonder  is  how  Prof.  Rohe  has  made  the 
book  so  readable  and  entertaining  with  so 
much  matter  necessarily  condensed.  The 
book  is  well  printed  with  good,  clear  type,  is 
attractive  in  appearance,  and  contains  a 
number  of  valuable  tables  and  illustrations 
that  must  be  of  decided  aid  to  the  student,  if 
not  to  the  general  practitioner  and  health 
officer.  Altogether,  the  manual  is  a  good  ex- 
ponent of  hygiene  and  sanitary  science  from 
the  present  American  stand-point,  and  will 
repav  with  pleasure  and  profit  any  time  that 
may  be  given  to  its  pewisal.—  University  Medi- 
cal Magazine. 


(18) 


Medical  Publications  of  F.  A.  Dams,  FhilacU 


HAY  FEVER 


S  A  JO  US 

And   Its   Successful   Treatment    nv    Superficial 

Organic    Alteration    of  the   NaMd 

Mucous     Membrane. 

By  Charles  E.  Sa.iot-s,  M.D.,  formerly  Lecturer  on  Rhinology  and 
Laryngology  in  Jefferson  Medical  College;  Vice-President  of  the  American 
Laryngological  Association;  Officer  of  the  Academy  of  Prance  and  of  Public 

Instruction  of   Venezuela;    Corresponding   Member  of   the   Royal   - 

Belgium,    of  the    .Medical    Society    of  Warsaw    (Poland),    and    of  the    - 

Hygiene  of  France;  Member  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  etc.,  etc 

With    18   Engravings   on    Wood.      103   pages.      12mo.      Bound    in    Cloth, 

Beveled  Edges. 

Price,  post-paid,  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  $1.00,  net;  in  Great 
Britain,  6s.;  France,  6  fr.  20. 


sanm: 

Diphtheria,  Croup:  Tracheotomy  and 
Intubation. 

From  the  French  of  A.  Sanne. 

Translated  and  enlarged  by  Henry  Z.  Gill,  M  D.,  LL.D.,  late  Pro- 
fessor of  Surgery  i"  Cleveland.  Ohio. 

Banner's  work  is  quoted, directly  or  indirectly, by  every  writer  since 
ita  publication,  as  the  lii'_rli^  -1  authority,  statistically,  theoretically,  and 
practically.  The  translator,  having  given  special  study  to  the  subject 
Cor  many  years,  has  added  over  fifty  pages,  including  the  Surgical 
Anatomy.  Intubation,  and  the  recent  progress  in  other  branches,  making 
it,  beyond  question,  the  raosl  complete  work  extant  on  the  subject  of 
Diphtheria  in  the  English  language. 

Facing  the  title-page  is  found  a  very  fine  Colored  Lithograph  Plate 
of  the  parts  concerned  in  Tracheotomy.  Next  follows  nn  illustration 
of  a  east  of  the  entire   Trachea,  and   bronchi   to  the   third   or  fourth 

division,  in  one  piece,  taken  from  a  photograph  oi'  a  case  in  which  the 
cast   was  expelled  during  life  from  a  patient  sixteen  years  old.     This  is 

the  most  complete  cast  of  any  one  recorded. 

Over  fifty  other  il lustra  1  ions  of  the  Burgical  anatomy  of  instruments, 
etc.,  add  to  the  practical  value  of  the  work. 

A    full    Index   accompanies   the   enlarged    volnrae,  also  n    List 


Authors,  making   altogether  a    very 
..\  er  680  pages. 


Price,  post-paid,  Cloth,   - 
Leather, 


t'liiiol  state;. 

$4.00,  Net 
5.00,  " 


of 

handsome    illustrated     volume    of 

Canada 
idnty  pa  Great  Britain       I"' 

$140,  Net      22s.  6d.      24  fr.  60 
5.50,   "         2S:.  30  fr.  30 


The  subject  of  Intubation,  m>  recent] 
(rived  In  this  country,  receives  i  trery  care- 
ful and  Impartial  discussion  at  the  hand* 
nt  tiie  translator,  and  :i  nwsl  valuable  chapter 
on  the  prophvlaxia  of  diphtheria  and  croup 
closes  t lie  volume.  Altogether  the  bonk  u 
oiv  that  is  valuable  and  timely,  and  one  that 
should  be  in  the  ii:mds  of  every  general  prac- 


i 
Diphtheria  li  tvina  Itecome  »u<  ii  -i  pn 
wide-spread,    and    ratal    -li~i  :i~e>.   no   •_•• 

i  i    to   i><-  without    tin- 
work      it   will  aid  in  preventive 

promptness  In  application  ol 
ncj     in,    treatment.— -aoulhtrn     PracU 
Imii'-r. 


(19) 


Medical  Publications  of  F.  A.  Davis,  Philadelphia. 


Principles  of  Surgery. 

By  N.  Senn,  M.D.,  Ph.D.,  Professor  of  Practice  of  Surgery  and  Clinical 
Surgery  in  Rush  Medical  College,  Chicago,  111.;  Professor  of  Surgery  in  the 
Chicago  Polyclinic;  Attending  Surgeon  to  the  Milwaukee  Hospital;  Consulting 
Surgeon  to  the  Milwaukee  County  Hospital  and  to  the  Milwaukee  County 
Insane  Asylum. 

This  work,  hy  one  of  America's  greatest  surgeons,  is  thoroughly  complete; 
its  clearness  and  brevity  of  statement  are  among  its  conspicuous  merits.  The 
author's  long,  able,  and  conscientious  researches  in  every  direction  in  this 
important  field  are  a  guarantee,  of  unusual  trust  worthiness,  that  every  branch  of 
the  subject  is  treated  authoritatively  and  in  such  a  manner  as  to  bring  the 
greatest  gain  in  knowledge  to  the  Practitioner  and  Student. 

In  one  handsome  Iioyal  Octavo  volume,  with  109  fine  Wood-Engravings 
and  624  pages. 

United  States.  Canada  (duty  paid)    Great  Britain.  France. 

Price  in  Cloth,  $4.50,  Net        $5.00,  Net        24s.  6d.         27  fr.  20 

Sheep  or  ^-Russia,    5.50    "  6.10    "         30s.  33  fr.  10 


OPINIONS    AND    CRITICISMS. 


STEPHEN  SMITH,  M.D.,  Professor  of  Clini- 
cal Surgery  Medical  Department  University 
of  the  City  of  New  York,  writes  : — "I  have 
examined  the  work  with  great  satisfaction, 
and  regard  it  as  a  most  valuable  addition  to 
American  Surgical  literature.  There  has  long 
been  great  need  of  a  work  on  the  principles  of 
surgery  Which  would  fully  illustrate  the  pres- 
ent advanced  state  of  knowledge  of  the  various 
subjects  embraced  in  this  volume.  The  work 
seems  to  me  to  meet  this  want  admirably." 

Lewis  A.  Sayre,  M.D.,  Professor  Ortho- 
paedic Surgery  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical 
College,  New  York,  writes  : — "My  Dear  Doctor 
Senn  :  Your  very  valuable  work  on  surgery, 
sent  to  me  some  time  since,  I  have  Studied 
with  great  satisfaction  and  improvement.  I 
congratulate  you  most  heartily  on  having 
produced  the  most  classical  and  practical 
work  on  surgery  yet  published." 

Prank  J.  Lutz,  M.D.,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  says : 
— "It seems  incredible  that  those  who  pretend 
to  teacli  have  done  without  such  a  guide 
before,  and  I  do  not  understand  how  our  stu- 
dents succeeded  in  mastering  the  principles 
of  modern  surgery  by  attempting  to  read  our 
obsolete  text-books.  Americansurgeryshould 
feel  proud  of  the  production,  and  the  present 
generation  of  surgeons  owe  you  a  debt  of 
gratitude." 

W.  W.  Dawson,  M.D.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
writes  : — "It  is  a  work  of  great  merit,  and  one 
greatly  needed.  Reliable  Surgery  must  be 
founded  upon  correct  principles.-' 

Wi.  Osler,  M.D.,  The  Johns  Hopkins 
Hospital,  Baltimore,  says:— "You  certainly 
have  covered  the  ground  thoroughly  and  well, 
and  with  a  thoroughness  I  do  not  know  of  in 
any  similar  work.  I  should  think  it  would 
prove  a  great  boon  to  the  students  and  also  to 
very  many  teachers." 

.1.  C.  Warren,  M.D.,  Boston,  Mass.,  writes  : 
—"The  book  comes  at  an  opportune  moment ; 
the  old  text-books  on  Surgical  Pathology  are 
out  of  date,  and  you  are  tilling  practically  a 
new  held." 

The  work  is  systematic  and  compact,  with- 
out a  fact  omitted  or  a  sentence  too  much, 
and  it  not  only  makes  instructive  but  fasci- 
nating reading.  A  conspicuous  merit  of  Senn's 
work  is  his  method,  his  persistent  and  tireless 
search  through  original  investigations  for 
additions  to  knowledge,  and  the  practical 
character  of  his  discoveries.  This  combina- 
tion of  the  discoverer  and  the  practical  man 
gives  a  special  value  to  all  his  work,  and  is 


one  of  the  secrets  of  his  fame.  No  physician 
in  any  line  of  practice  can  afford  to  be  without 
Senn's  "Principles  of  Surgery." — The  Review 
of  Insanity  and  Nervous  Diseases. 

Every  chapter  is  a  mine  of  information 
containing  all  the  recent  advances  on  the  sub- 
jects presented  in  such  a  systematic,  instruc- 
tive and  entertaining  style  that  the  reader 
will  not  willingly  lay  it  "aside,  but  will  read 
and  re-read  with  pleasure  and  profit. — Kansas 
Medical  Journal. 

It  is  a  most  admirable  work  in  all  respects, 
and  should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  senior 
student,  general  practitioner,  and "  special 
surgeon. — Canadian  Practitioner. 

After  perusing  this  work  on  several  differ- 
ent occasions  we  have  come  to  the  conclusion 
that  it  is  a  remarkable  work  by  a  man  of  un- 
usual ability.  We  have  never  seen  anything 
like  it  before.  The  author  seems  to  have  had 
a  very  large  personal  experience,  whicb  is 
freely  made  use  of  in  the  text,  besides  which 
he  is  familiar  with  almost  all  that  lias  been 
written  in  English  and  German  on  the  above 
topics.  We  c  mgratulate  Dr.  Senn  upon  the 
manner  in  which  he  has  accomplished  his 
task.— Tlie  Canada  Medical  Record. 

The  work  is  exceedingly  practical,  as  the 
chapters  on  the  treatment  of  the  various  con- 
ditions considered  are  based  on  sound  deduc- 
tions, are  complete,  and  easily  carried  out  by 
any  painstaking  surgeon.  Asepsis  and  anti- 
sepsis  are  exhaustively  treated.  All  in  all,  the 
book  is  a  most  excellent  one.  and  deserves  a 
place  in  every  well-selected  library. — Medical 
Record. 

It  will  prove  exceedingly  valuable  in  the 
diffusion  of  more  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
subject-matter  among  English-speaking  sur- 
geons. As  in  the  case  of  all  his  work,  he  has 
done  this  in  a  truly  admirable  manner.  No- 
where is  there  room  to  criticise  the  accuracy 
of  SeniVs  statements,  and  everywhere  is  there 
evidence  of  a  thorough  study  of  the  best 
work  of  the  most  eminent  men.  The  book 
throughout  is  worthy  of  the  highest  praise. 
It  should  be  adopted  as  a  text-book  in  all  of 
our  schools.— University  Medical   Magazine. 

The  principles  of  surgery,  as  expounded  by 
Dr.  Senn.  are  such  a<  to  place  the  student  in 
the  independent  position  of  evolving  from 
them  methods  of  treatment :  the  master  of 
the  principles  readily  becomes  equally  a 
master  of  practice.  And  this,  of  course,  is 
reallv  the  whole  purpose  of  the  volume.— 
Weekly  Medical  Review. 


(20) 


Medical  Publications  of  F.  A.  Darix,  P)iila<lcl}>}iia. 


SllOi:?IAKElt 

Heredity,  Health,  and  Personal  Beauty. 

Including  the  Selection  of  tiik  Best  Cosmetics  fob  tiik  Skin,  Hair, 
Nails,  anij  all  Parts  Relating  to  the  Boot. 

ByJoHH  V.  Shoemaker,  A  M.,  M.D.,  Professor  of  Materia  Medics,  Pbar 
macology,  Therapeutics,  and  Clinical  Biedicine,  and  Clinical  Professor  oi  l> 
of  the  Skin  in  the  Medico-Chirurgical  College  of  Philadelphia;  1  to  the 

Medico-Chirurgical  Hospital,  etc.,  etc. 

The  iiealth  of  the  skin  and  Lair,  and  bow  to  promote  them,  an 
the  treat  men  I  of  the  nails;  the  subjects  of  ventilation,  food,  clothing,  warmth, 
bathing;  the  circulation  of  the  blood,   digestion,  ventilation;  in  fact,  all  that  in 
daily  life  conduces  to  the  well-being  of  the  body  and  refinement  is  duly  en 
upon.    To  i  hese  stores  of  popular  information  is  added  a  list  of  the  best  medicated 
soaps  and  toilet  soaps,  and  a  whole  chapter  of  the  work  is  devoted  to  household 
remedies.     The  work  in  largely  suggestive,  and  gives  wise  and  timely  adi 
to  when  a  physician  should  be  consulted.     This  is  just  the  book  to  place  on  the 
waiting-room  tabU  of  every  physician,  and  u  work  that  willprovt  usefal  in  tht  hmnln 
"f  your  patii  ids. 

Complete  in  one  handsome  Royal  Octavo  volume  of  42  >  pages,  beautifully 
and   clearly  printed,  and    hound    in   Extra  (huh,  Beveled    I  h  side  and 

back  gilt  stamps  and  in  Half-Morocco  Gilt  Top. 

Price,  in  United  States,  post-paid,  Cloth,  $2.50;  Half-Morocco,  $3.50, 
net.  Canada  ('duty  paid),  Cloth,  $2.75;  Half-Morocco,  $3.90,  net 
Great  Britain,  Cloth,  Hs. ;  Half-Morocco,  19s.  6i  France,  Cloth, 
15  fr.;  Half-Morocco,  22  fr. 


The  book  reads  not  like  the  fulfillment  of  a 
task,  hut  like  the  researches  ai  d  observations 
of  one  thoroughly  in  love  with  his  Bubiect, 
fully  a p|  reciatmg  its  importam  e,  and  wrfl  ng 


pleased,  and  improved. — Tin-  Boutin  rn  CUnie. 
This  book  is  written  primaril)  for  the  laity, 
but  wit]  prove  of  interest  to  the  physic 
well.    Though  the  author  goes  to  some  extent 


for  "the  pleasure  he  experiences  in  it.    The  into technicalities^he  confines  himseli  to  tbe 

work  is  eery  comprehensive  and  complete  in  use  ol  good,  plain  English,  and  in  that  i  espect 

its  scope.     Medical  World.  i  notable  example  to  many  other  writers 

The  hook   bef as  is  a  most  remarkable  on  similar  subjects.     Furthermore,  the  book 

production  and  a  most  entert  lining  one.    The  is  written  from  a  thorough!)  American  staud 
imok  is  equally  \\  cii  adapted  for  the  laity  or  point. — Medical  Record. 
the  profession.    It  tells  us  how  to  be  healthy,  Tins   is   an   exceedingly    Interesting 
happy,  and  as  beautiful  as  possible.     Wecari't  both  scientific  and  practical  in  character,  hi' 
review  this  book ;  it  is  different  from  anything  tended  for  both  professional  and  la\  n 
we  have  ever  r.ad.    It  runs  like  a  novel,  and  The  book  is  well  written  and  presented  In  ad- 
will  be  perused  until  finished  with  pleasure  mrahle  foim  t>>   the   publisher.— Canadian 
and  profit.    Buy  it,  read  it.  and  be  surprised,  Practitioner. 


SHOEMAKER 

Ointments  and  Oleates  :  ^"^Ul^lr""^ 

By  John  V.  Shoemaker,  A.M.,  M.I>.,  Professor  of  Materia  Medics,  Thar 
macology,  Therapeutics,  and  <  ilinical  Medicine,  and  ( Ilinical  Professor  of  D 
of  the  Skin  in  the  Medico-Chirurgical  College  of  Philadelphia,  i 

The  author  concisely  concludes   his   preface  as  follows:     'The  reader  may 

thus  obtain  a  eon  pectus  of  the  whole  subject  of  Inunction  as  it  exists  to-day  in 
the  civilized  world.     In  all  cases  the  mode  of  preparal  ion  is  Liven,  and  the  thera- 
peutical application  described  seriatim,  in  so  far  as  may  be  don.-  without  n< 
repetil  ion. 

si  cokd  Edition,  revised  and  enlargi  d.    898  page*      1-"'"      Neatly  hound 
in  Dark-Blue  Cloth.    Nb.6inthi  Physicians'  and  Students'  Ready-Refet 

Price,  post-paid,  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  $1.50,  net;  in  Great 
Britain,  8s.  6i ;  in  France,  9  fr.  35. 


the  best  form  in  which  to  prescribe  med 

i.\  u.i\  of  the  -k  n  the  book  will  prove  ralu 

able,  owing  to  the  many  prescription* 

formula  wh.eli  dot  it-  piffi  -.  while  thei  op  OU» 

index   at   the  ha<  k  mate  iall>  aid-  in  making 
To  the  physician  who  feels  uncertain  as  to       the  book  a  usefal  one.— Medical  If i 

(SI) 


It  is  Invaluable  as  ■  ready  reference  when 
ointment-  or  oleates  are  to  i.e  used,  and  U 
serviceable  to  both  druggist  and  physician.— 
<  fanada  Mt  dical  /.'<  cord. 


Medical  Publications  of  F.  A.  Davis,  Philadelphia. 
SHOEMAKER 

Materia  IViedica  and  Therapeutics. 

With  Espeotal  Reference  to  the  Clinical  Application  of  Drugs. 
Being  the  Second  and  Last  Volume  of  a  Treatise  on  Materia 
Medica,  Pharmacology,  and  Therapeutics,  «ind  an  Independent 
Volume  upon  Drugs. 

By  John  V.  Shoemaker,  A.M.,  M.D.,  Professor  of  Materia  Medici, 
Pharmacology,  Therapeutics,  and  Clinical  Medicine,  and  Clinical  Professor  of 
Diseases  of  the  Skin  in  the  Medico-Chirurgical  College  of  Philadelphia;  Physician 
to  the  Medico-Chirurgical  Hospital,  etc.,  etc. 

This,  the  second  volume  of  Shoemaker's  "Materia  Medica,  Pharmacology, 
and  Therapeutics,"  is  wholly  taken  up  ■with  the  consideration  of  drugs,  each 
remedy  being  studied  from  three  points  of  view,  viz. :  the  Preparations,  or  Materia 
Medica;  the  Physiology  and  Toxicology,  or  Pharmacology;  and,  lastly,  its 
Therapy.  It  is  thoroughly  abreast  of  the  progress  of  Therapeutic  Science,  and 
is  really  an  indispensable  book  to  every  student  and  practitioner  of  medicine. 

Royal  Octavo,  about  67.3  pages.     Thoroughly  and  carefully  indexed. 

Price,  in  United  States,  post-paid,  Cloth,  $3.50;  Sheep,  $150,  net. 
Canada  (duty  paid),  Cloth,  $100;  Sheep,  $5.00,  net.  Great  Brit- 
ain, Cloth,  20s. ;  Sheep,  26s.  France,  Cloth,  22  fr.  40;  Sheep, 
28  fr.  60. 

The  first  volume  of  this  work  is  devoted  to  Pharmacy,  General  Pharma- 
cology, and  Therapeutics,  and  remedial  agents  not  properly  classed  with  drugs. 
Royal  Octavo,  353  pages. 

Price  of  Volume  I,  post-paid,  in  United  States,  Cloth,  $2.50,  net ;  Sheep, 
$3.25,  net.  Canada,  duty  paid,  Cloth,  $2.75,  net;  Sheep,  $3.60,  net. 
Great  Britain,  Cloth,  Hs. ;  Sheep,  ISs.  France,  Cloth,  16  fr.  20 ; 
Sheep,  20  fr.  20.    The  volumes  are  sold  separately. 

SHOEMAKERS  TREATISE  ON  MATERIA  MEDICA,  PHARMACOLOGY,  AND  THERA- 
PEUTICS STANDS  ALONE. 

(1)  Among  Materia  Medica  text-books,  in  that  it  includes  every  officinal  drug  and  every 

preparation  contained  in  the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia. 

(2)  In  that  it  is  the  only  work  on  therapeutics  giving  the  strength,  composition,  and  dosage 

of  every  officinal  preparation. 

(3)  In  giving  the  latest  investigations  with  regard  to  the  physiological  action  of  drugs  and 

the  most  recent  applications  in  therapeutics. 

(4)  In  combining  with  officinal  drugs  the  most  reliable  reports  of  the  actions  and  uses  of  all 

the  noteworthy  new  remedies,  such  as  acetanilid,  an ti pyrin,  bromoform,  exalgin,  pyok- 
tanin,  pyridin,  somnal,  spermine  (Brown-Se'quard),  tuberculin  ( Koch's  lymph),  sulphonal, 
thiol,  urethan,  etc..  etc. 

(5)  As  a  complete  encyclopaedia  of  modern  therapeutics  in  condensed  form,  arranged  alpha- 

betically for  convenience  of  reference  for  either  physician,  dentist,  or  pharmacist,  when 
immediate  information  is  wanted  concerning  the  action,  composition,  dose,  or  antidotes 
for  any  officinal  preparation  or  new  remedv. 

(6)  In  giving  the  physical  characters  and  chemical  formula?  of  the  new  remedies,  especially 

the  recently-introduced  antipyretics  and  analgesics. 

(7)  In  the  fact  that  it  gives  special  attention  to  the  consideration  of  the  diagnosis  and  treat- 

ment of  poisoning  by  the  more  active  drugs,  both  officinal  and  non-officinal. 

(8)  And  unrivaled  in  the  number  and  variety  of  the  prescriptions  and  practical  formulae, 

representing  the  latest  achievements  of  clinical  medicine. 

(9)  In  that,  while  summarizing  foreign  therapeutical  literature,  it  fully  recognizes  the  work 

done  in  this  department  by  American  physicians.  It  is  an  epitome  of  the  present  state 
of  American  medical  practice,  which  is  universally  acknowledged  to  be  the  best  practice. 

(10)  Because  it  is  the  most  complete,  convenient,  and  compendious  work  of  reference,  heing, 

in  fact,  a  companion  to  the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia,  a  drug-encyclopaedia,  and  a 
therapeutic  hand-book  all  in  one  volume. 

material  compressed  in  so  limited  a  space. 
The  book  will  prove  a  valuable  addition  t>>  the 
physician  's  library. — Occiuental  Med.  Times. 
It  is  a  meritorious  work,  with  many  unique 
features.  It  is  richly  illustrated  by  well-tried 
prescriptions  showing  the  practical  applica- 
tion of  the  various  drugs  discussed.  In  short, 
this  work  makes  a  pretty  complete  encyclo- 
paedia of  the  science  of  therapeutics,  conve- 
niently arranged  for  handv  reference. — Med. 
World. 


The  value  of  the  book  lies  in  the  fact  that 
it  contains  all  that  is  authentic  and  trust- 
worthy about  the  host  of  new  remedies  which 
have  deluged  us  in  the  last  five  years.  The 
pages  are  remarkably  free  from  useless  infor- 
mation. The  author  has  done  well  in  following 
the  alphabetical  order. — N.  Y.  Med.  Record. 

In  perusing  the  pages  devoted  to  the  special 
consideration  of  drugs,  their  pharmacology, 
physiological  action,  toxic  action,  and  therapy, 
one  is  constantly  surprised  at  the  amount  of 


(22) 


Medical  Publications  of  /•'.  A.  Davis,  Philadelphia. 
SMITH 

Physiology  of  the  Domestic  Animals. 

A  Text-Book  foe  Veterinabx"  and  Medical  Sti  dents  and  Pbactitionebs. 

By  Robert  Meade  Smith,  A.M.,  M.I).  Professor  of  Comparative  Physi- 
ology in  University  of  Pennsylvania;  Fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Academy  of  the  .Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia;  of  American  Physiological 
Society;  of  the  American  Society  of  Naturalists,  etc. 

This  new  and  important  work,  the  most  thoroughly  complete  in  the 
English  language  on  this  Bubject,  treate  of  the  physiology  of  tin-  domestic  animals 
in  a  most  comprehensive  manner,  especial  prominence  being  given  t<>  the  suhjecl 
of  foods  and  fodders,  ami  the  character  of  the  diel  for  the  herbivore  under 
different  conditions,  with  a  full  consideration  of  their  digestive  peculiarities. 
Without  being  overburdened  with  detail-,  it  forms  a  complete  text-book  of 
physiology  adapted  to  the  use  of  students  and  practitioners  of  both  veterinary 
and  human  medicine.  This  work  has  already  been  adopted  as  the  Text-Boob  on 
Physiology  in  the  Veterinary  Colleges  of  the  United  Stales.  Great  Britain,  ami 
Canada.     In   one   Handsome    Royal   Octavo  Volume  of  ovei  -,  profusely 

Illustrated  with  more  than  400  fine  Wood-Engravings  and  many  Colored  Plate-. 

United  States.       Canada  (duty  paid)    Great  Britain.        France 

Price,  Cloth,      -    -    $5.00,  Net         $5.50,  Net  28s.         30  fr.  30 

"      Sheep,     -    -      6.00    "  6.60    "  32s.         36  fr.  20 


A.  LlATJTAHD,  M.IV.  H.F.R.C.,  vs.,  Pro- 
fessor of  Anatomy,  Operative  Surgery,  and 
Sanitary  Medicine  in  the  American  veterinary 
College,  New  York,  writes: — ••  I  have  exam- 
ined the  work  '>r  Dr.  i;.  M.  Smith  on  the 
'Physiology  of  the  Domestic  Animals,' and  con- 
sider it  (me  of  the  best  addil ionB  to  veterinary 
literature  that  we  have  bad  for  some  t  ime." 

E.  M.  Reading,  A.M.,  M.D.,  Professorof 
Physiology  m  tin;  ( thicago  Vetei  inary  ( Sollege, 
writes: — "I  have  carefully  examined  the 
'Smith's  Physiology,'  published  by  yon.  and 
like  it.  it  is  com]  rehensive,  exhaustive,  and 
complete,  ami  is  especially  adapted  to  those 
who  desire  to  obtain  a  full  knowledge  ol  the 
principles  of  physiology,  ami  are  nol  satisfied 
with  a  mere  smattering  of  the  cardinal  points." 

Dr.  Smith's  presentment  of  his  subject  is  as 
brief  as  the  status  of  t  he  science  permits, and 

to  this  much-desired  <• iseness  he  has  added 

an  equally  welcome  clearness  of  statement. 
The  illustrations  in  Che  work  arc  excei  diugly 
good,  and   must   prove  a  valuable  aid  to   '  In- 


fill 1    understanding   of    the   text.— .Join  - 
Comparative  Medicitu  and  Surgery. 

Veterinary  pract  itioners  ami  graduates  will 
read  it  with  pleasure.  Veterinary  students 
will  readUy  acquire  needed  knowledge  from 
its  pages, and  veterinarj  schools,  which  Mould 
be  well  equipped  for  the  work  they  aim  to 

perform,  cannot  ignore  It  a-  their  text-1 k 

in  physiology.  —  American  VeU  rinary  R<  oU  u  . 

Altogether,  Professor  Smith's  ••  Physiology 
of  the  Domestic  Animals"  Isahappj  produc- 
tion, and   will   lie  hailed   with  del  ghl  in  both 

the  human  medical  and  veterinary  medical 
worlds.  It  should  And  its  place,  besides,  in  all 
agricultural  libraries.— Paul  PaQUIN,  M.D., 
\'.s.,  in  the  Wei  khi  M,  dieal  /.'-  n,  „■. 

The  author  bas  Judiciously  made  tbenutri- 
tive  functions  she  strong  point  of  n  e  work. 

and  lias  devoted  special  attention  to  tin 
i i ■  i ■  i  of  foods  and  digestion.  In  looking 
through  other  sections  ol  tin-  woi  k.  it  appi  an 
to  us  that  a  Just  proportion  ol  Bpace  is  assigned 
to  each,  in  view  "f  their  relative  importance 
to  the  practitioner.— .London  Lancet. 


soznrsKEY 


Medical  Symbolism. 


Historical  Studies  in  tlic  Art* 
of  Healing  and  Hygiene. 

By  Thomas  S.   So/.inskiy,    Ml).,   Till).,    Author  of  "The  Culture  of 
Beauty.     "The  Care  and  Culture  of  children,"  etc. 

I'.'nio.       Nearly   200   pages.      Neatly  hound    in   I  >ark  I'.liic  ( 'loth.      Appropi! 

ately  illustrated  with  upward  of  thirty  (80)  mw  Wood  Engraving        \      '  in  the 
Physicians'  and  8tudents'  Ready  Referenei  >'</•/<*. 

Price,  post-paid,  in  United  States  and  Canada,  $1.00,  net;  Great 
Britain,  6s. ;  France,  6  fr.  20. 


1  le  wIhi  has  lot  t  ime  to  more  fully  stud v  the 

moreextended  recordsol  tin-  past,  will  highly 

prize  this  little  1 k.    its  Interesting  discourse 

upon  the  past  is  tuii  id  Buggestlve  thought, — 
a  m<  rican  Lana  t. 

Like  an   oasis  in  a  dry  and   dusty  de-crt  of 
medical  literature,  through  which  we  W( 

stagger,  is  this  wort  devoted  to  medical  sym- 
bolism and  mythology.  As  tlic  author  aptly 
quotes:  "  What  some  light  braines  maj  eBteem 
as  Foolish  toyes,  deeper  Judgments  can  and 


will  value  :>•-  sou  ml  ami  serious  mat  ti  i ." 
ikIkiii  Pretention*  r. 
in  the  volume  before  ns  we  ti  ive  in  u 

Me  ami  v, fui  attempt   to  mi   forth   In 

order  those  medical  symbols  which  have  come 
down  to  us,  and  to  explain  on  historical  ground* 
theii  Blgnifli  ince      va  astonishing  amount  ol 
Information  Is  contained  within  tni 
tie-  book,  and  e\  en   p  igi    ol  the  woi  k 
token  oi  the  painstaking  Renin!  and  erudite 

mind   Of    'he  now    unhappily    deci.isid    autlior 

—London  Lanet  t 


(23) 


•  Irilical  Publications  of  F.  A.  Davis,  Philadelphia. 


STEWART 


Obstetric  Synopsis. 


By  John  S.  Stewart,  M.D.,  formerly  Demonstrator  of  Obstetrics  and 
Chief  Assistant  in  the  Gynaecological  Clinic  of  the  Medico-Chirurgical  College 
of  Philadelphia:  with  an  introductory  note  by  William  S.  Stewart,  A.M., 
M.  D.,  Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  Gynaecology  in  the  Medico-Chirurgical  College 
of  Philadelphia. 

By  students  this  work  will  be  found  particularly  useful.  It  is  based  upon 
the  teachings  of  such  well-known  authors  as  Playfair,  Parvin,  Lusk,  Galabin, 
and  Cazeaux  and  Tarnier,  and  contains  much  new  and  important  matter  of  great 
value  to  both  student  and  practitioner. 

With  42  Illustrations.  202  pages.  12mo.  Handsomely  bound  in  Dark- 
Blue  Cloth.     No.  1  in  the  Physicians'  and  Students'  Ready -Reference  Series. 

Price,  post-paid,  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  $1.00,  net ;  in  Great 
Britain,  6s.;  Prance,  6  fr.  20. 


DeLaskie  Miller,  M.D.,  Professor  of 
Obstetrics,  Rush  Medical  College,  Chicago, 
111.,  says: — "1  have  examined  the  'Obstetric 
Synopsis,'  by  John  S.  Stewart,  M.D.,  and  it 
gives  me  pleasure  to  characterize  the  work  as 
systematic,  concise,  perspicuous,  and  authen- 
tic.    Among  manuals  it  is  one  of  the  best." 

It  is  well  written,  excellently  illustrated, 
and  fully  up  to  date  in  every  respect.  Here 
we  find  all  the  essentials  of  Obstetrics  in  a 
nutshell,  Anatomy,  Embryology,  Physiology, 
Pregnancy,  Labor,  Puerperal  State,  and  Ob- 
stetric Operations  all  being  caret' ulry  and  ac- 


curately described. — Buffalo  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal. 

It  is  clear  and  concise.  The  chapter  on  the 
development  of  the  ovum  is  especially  satis- 
factory. The  judicious  use  of  bold-faced 
type  for  headings  and  italics  for  important 
statements  gives  the  book  a  pleasing  typo- 
graphical appearance. — Medical  Record. 

This  volume  is  done  with  a  masterly  hand. 
The  scheme  is  an  excellent  one.  The  whole 
is  freely  and  most  admirably  illustrated  with 
well-drawn,  new  engravings,  and  the  book  is 
of  a  very  convenient  size. — St.  Louis  Medical 
and  Surgical  Journal. 


ULTZMANN 

The  Neuroses  of  the  Genito-Urinary  System 

in  the  Male. 

With  Sterility  and  Impotence. 

By  Dr.  R.  Ultzmann,  Professor  of  Genito-Urinary  Diseases  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Vienna.  Translated,  with  the  author's  permission,  by  Gardner  W. 
Allen,  M.D.,  Surgeon  in  the  Genito-Urinary  Department,  Boston  Dispensary. 

Full  and  complete,  yet  terse  and  concise,  it  handles  the  subject  with  such 
a  vigor  of  touch,  such  a  clearness  of  detail  and  description,  and  such  a  directness 
to  the  result,  that  no  medical  man  who  once  takes  it  up  will  be  content  to  lay  it 
down  until  its  perusal  is  complete, — nor  will  one  reading  be  enough. 

Professor  Ultzmann  has  approached  the  subject  from  a  somewhat  different 
point  of  view  from  most  surgeons,  and  this  gives  a  peculiar  value  to  the  work. 
It  is  believed,  moreover,  that  there  is  no  convenient  hand-book  in  English  treat- 
ing in  a  broad  manner  the  Genito-Urinary  Neuroses. 

Synopsis  op  Contents. — First  Part — I.  Chemical  Changes  in  the  Urine  in 
Cases  of  Neuroses.  II.  Neuroses  of  the  Urinary  and  of  the  Sexual  Organs, 
classified  as  :  (1)  Sensory  Neuroses;  (2)  Motor  Neuroses  ;  (3)  Secretory  Neuroses. 
Second  Part — Sterility  and  Impotence.  The  treatment  in  all  cases  is  described 
clearly  and  minutely. 

Illustrated.  12mo.  Handsomely  bound  in  Dark-Blue  Cloth.  No.  Jf  in  the 
Physicians'  and  Students'  Ready -Reference  Series. 

Price,  post-paid,  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  $1.00,  net ;  in  Great 
Britain,  6s. ;  in  Prance,  6  fr.  20. 


This  book  is  to  be  highly  recommended, 
owing  to  its  clearness  and  brevity.  Altogether, 
we  do  not  know  of  any  book  oi  the  same  size 
which  contains  so  much  useful  information  in 
such  a  short  space. — Medical  2Vews, 

Its  scope  is  large,  not  being  confined  to  the 
one  condition, — neurasthenia, — but  embracing 
all  of  the  neuroses,  motor  and  sensory,  of  the 
genitourinary  organs  in  the  male.  No  one 
who  has  read"  after  Dr.  Ultzmann  need  be  re- 


minded of  his  delightful  manner  of  presenting 
his  thoughts,  which  ever  sparkle  with  original- 
ity and  appositeness.—  Weekly  Med.  Review. 

It  engenders  sound  pathological  teaching, 
and  will  aid  in  no  small  degree  in  throwing 
light  on  the  management  of  many  of  the  dif- 
ficult and  more  refractory  cases  of  the  classes 
to  which  these  essays  especially  refer.— The 
Medical  Age. 


(24) 


Medical  Publications  of  F.  A.  JDat-i.--,  PJiiladelphia. 
WUUELER 

Abstracts  of  Pharmacology. 

By  IF.  A.  AVni:i:r.i.it,  M.D.  (Registered Pharmacist,  No. 8468,  !■  i 
pared  for  the  use  of  Physicians  and  Pharmacists,  and  especially  forthenseof 
Students  of  Medicine  and   Pharmacy,   who  are  preparing  for  Examination  in 
Colleges  and  before  State  Boards  <>f  Examiners. 

This  hook  does  not  contain  questions  and  answers,  hut  solid  pa 
abstracl  information.    It  will  be  an  almost  indispensable  companion  to  lh< 
ticing  Pharmacist,  and  a  very  useful  reference-booh  to  tin'  Physician.     It  i  ontains 
a  brief  but  thorough  explanation  of  all  terms  and  processes  used  in  pi 
pharmacy,  an  abstract  of  all  that  is  essential  to  he  knewn  of  each  officinal  drug, 
its  preparations  and  tkerapetic  action,  with  doses;  in  Chemistry  and   Botany, 
much  that  is  useful  to  the  Physician  and  Pharmacist;  a  general  working  formula 

for  each  class  and  an  abstract  formula  for  each  officinal   preparation,  and  ii: 

the  more  popular  unofficinal  ones,  together  witb  their  <'■■  ■  many  symbolic 

formulas;  a  list  of  abbreviations  used  in  prescription  writing;  rules  governing 
incompal  ibilitiesj  a  list  of  Solvents;  tests  for  the  more  common  drugs;  the  huhitat 
and  best  time  for  gathering  plant-  to  secure  their  medical   properties. 

The  hook  contains  180  pages,  5J  x8  inches,  closely  printed  and  on  the  best 
paper,  nicely  and  durably  hound,  containing  a  greater  amount  of  information  on 
the  above  topics  than  any  other  work  lor  the  money. 

Price,  post-paid,  in  United  States  and  Canada,  $1.50,  net;  in  Great 
Britain,  8s.  6i ;  in  France,  9  fr.  35. 


YOUNG 

Synopsis  of  Human  Anatomy. 

Being  a  Complete  Compend  of  Anatomy.  Incli  ding  tiik  Anatomy  of 
the  Viscera,  and  Numerous  Tables. 

By  James  K.  Young,  M.D.,  Instructor  in  Orthopaedic  Surgery  and  Assistant 
Demonstrator  of  Surgery,  University  of  Pennsylvania;   Attending  Orth 
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While  the  author  has  prepared  this  work  especially  for  students,  sufficient 
descriptive  matter  has  been  added  to  render  it  extremely  valuable  to  the  busy 
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The    work    includes   a    complete    account   of  Osteology,    Articulation*:  and 
Ligaments,  Muscles,  Fascitis,  Vascular  and  Nervous  Systems,  Alimentary,  \ 
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Illustrated  with  76   Wood  Engravings  Utono.     A".  .,  in  th« 

Physicians'  and  Student*'  TUady-Rtfcrei  • 

Price,  post-Mid,  in  United  States  and  Canada  $1.10,  net; 
Great  Britain,  8s.  6d. ;  France,  9  fr.  25. 

Every  unnecessary  word  dm  been  excluded,  bat  ■  definite  flolil  of  Bsefnlaem.— PtSi 

out  of  regard  to   the  verv  limited   time  at  the  M,<li,;il  I 

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winch  lie  u  ishes  to  i  efresh  M>  niemni  y  in  tin 
briefest  manner  consistent  with  cle&rni 
.V,  a-  y,,rk  Medical  Journal. 

Ae 'a  companion  to  the  diasectlng-table,  and 
a  convenient  reference  for  the  practitioner,  it 


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■-'•.) 


Medical  Fuhlicntions  of  F.  A.  Davis,  Philadelphia. 


WITJIEllSTINE 

The  International  Pocket  Medical  Formulary 

A  HiiANGED  Therapeutically. 

By  C.  Sumner  Witiikrntink,  M.S.,  M.D.,  Associate  Editor  of  t lie 
"Annual  of  the  Universal  Medical  Sciences;"  Visiting  Physician  of  the  Home 
for  the  Aged,  G-ermantown,  Philadelphia  ;  Late  House-Surgeon  Charity  Hospital, 
New  York. 

Mure  than  1800  formulae  from  several  hundred  well-known  authorities. 
With  an  Appendix  containing  a  Posological  Table,  the  newer  remedies  include;!!  ; 
Important  Incompatihles  ;  Tables  on  Dentition  and  the  Pulse;  Table  of  Drops 
in  a  Fluidrachm  and  Doses  of  Laudanum  graduated  forage  ;  Formulae  and  Doses 
of  Hypodermatic  Medication,  including  the  newer  remedies  ;  Uses  of  the  Hypo- 
dermatic Syringe  ;  Formulae  and  Doses  for  Inhalations,  Nasal  Douches,  Gargles, 
and  Eye-washes;  Formulae  for  Suppositories;  Use  of  the  Thermometer  in  Dis- 
ease ;  Poisons,  Antidotes,  and  Treatment;  Directions  for  Post-Mortem  and 
Medico-Legal  Examinations;  Treatment  of  Asphyxia,  Sun-stroke,  etc.;  Anti- 
emetic Remedies  and  Disinfectants  ;  Obstetrical  Table  ;  Directions  for  Ligations 
of  Arteries  ;  Urinary  Analysis  ;  Table  of  Eruptive  Fevers  ;  Mptor  Points  for 
Electrical  Treatment,  etc. 

This  work,  the  best  and  most  complete  of  its  kind,  contains  about  275 
printed  pages,  besides  extra  blank  leaves — the  book  being  interleaved  throughout 
— elegantly  printed,  with  red  lines,  edges,  and  borders;  with  illustrations.  Bound 
in  leather,  with  side  flap. 

It  is  a  handy  book  of  reference,  replete  with  the  choicest  formulae  (over 
1800  in  number)  of  more  than  six  hundred  of  the  most  prominent  classical  writers 
and  modern  practitioners. 

The  remedies  given  are  not  only  those  whose  efficiency  has  stood  the  test 
of  time,  but  also  the  newest  and  latest  discoveries  in  pharmacy  and  medical 
science,  as  prescribed  and  used  by  the  best-known  American  and  foreign  modern 
authorities. 

It  contains  the  latest,  largest  (06  formulae),  and  most  complete  collection  of 
hypodermatic  formulae  (including  the  latest  new  remedies)  ever  published,  with 
doses  and  directions  for  their  use  in  over  fifty  different  diseases  and  diseased 
conditions. 

Its  appendix  is  brimful  of  information,  invaluable  in  office  work,  emergency 
cases,  and  the  daily  routine  of  practice. 

It  is  a  reliable  friend  to  consult  when,  in  a  perplexing  or  obstinate  case,  the 
usual  line  of  treatment  is  of  no  avail.  (A  hint  or  a  help  from  the  best  authorities, 
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The  alphabetical  arrangement  of  the  diseases  and  a  thumb-letter  index 
render  reference  rapid  and  easy. 

Blank  leaves,  judiciously  distributed  throughout  the  book,  afford  a  place  to 
record  and  index  favorite  formulas. 

As  a  student,  the  physician  needs  it  for  study,  collateral  reading,  and  for 
recording  the  favorite  prescriptions  of  his  professors,  in  lecture  and  clinic;  as  a 
recent  graduate,  he  needs  it  as  a  reference  hand-book  for  daily  use  in  prescribing 
(gargles,  nasal  douches,  inhalations,  eye-washes,  suppositories,  incompatihles, 
poisons,  etc.);  as  an  old  practitioner,  he  needs  it  to  refresh  his  memory  on  old 
remedies  and  combinations,  and  for  information  concerning  newer  remedies  and 
more  modern  approved  plans  of  treatment. 

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Great  Britain,  lis.  6d. ;  France,  12  fr,  40. 

enough  of  incompatibilities  before  commenc- 
ing practice  to  avoid  writinc:  incompatible  and 
dangerous  prescriptions.  The  constant  use  of 
such  a  book  by  such  prescribers  would  save 
the  pharmacist  much  anxiety.— The  Drug- 
gists Circular. 

In  judicious  selection,  in  accurate  nomen- 
clature, in  arrangement,  and  in  Style,  it  leaves 
nothing  to  be  desired.  The  editor  and  the 
publisher  are  to  be  congratulated  on  the  pro- 
duction of  the  very  best  book  of  its  class.— 
Pittsburgh  Medical  Review. 


It  is  sometimes  important  that  such  prescrip- 
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ical Journal. 

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able companion. — Omaha  Clinic. 

As  long  as  "combinations''  are  sought,  such 
a  book  will  be  of  value,  especially  to  those 
who  cannot  spare  the  time  required  to  learn 


(26) 


Medical  Publications  of  F.  A.  Darin,  Philadelphia. 


Annual  of  the  Universal  Medical  Sciences. 

A  Yearly  Report  of  the  Progress  of  the  General  Sanitary 
Sciences  Throughout  the  World. 

Edited  by  Charles  E.  Sajous,  M.D.,  formerly  Lecturer  on   Larynj 
and  Rhinology   in   Jefferson    Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  etc.,  and  Seventy 
Associate   Editors,  assisted  by  over  Two  Hundred  Corresponding  Editors  and 
Collaborators.     In  Five  Royal  Octavo  Volumes  of  about  500  pages  each,  bound 
in  Clotli  ami   Half-Russia,  Magnificently  Illustrated  with  Chromo-Lithographs, 
Engravings,  Maps.  Charts,  ami  Diagrams.      Being  intended  to  enable  any  physi- 
cian i>>  possess,  at  a  moderate  cost,  a  complete  Contemporary  History  of  On 
Medicine,  edited  by  many  of  America's  ablest  teachers,  ami  superior  in  every 
detail  of  print,  paper,  binding,  etc.,  a  befitting  continuation  of  Buch  greal  works 
as  " Pepper's  System  of  Medicine,"  "Ashhurst's  [nternational  Encyclopa 
Surgery,"  "Buck's  Reference  Hand-Hook  of  the  Medical  9ciem 

SOLD  ONLY  BY  SUBSCRIPTION,  OR  SENT  DIRECT  ON   RECEIPT  OF  PRICE, 
SHIPPING  EXPENSES  PREPAID. 

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In  United  States,  Cloth,  5  vols.,  Koyal  Octavo,  $15.00;  Half-Russia,  5  vc'.:.. 
Royal  Octavo,  $20.00.  Canada  (duly  paid),  Cloth,  $16  50;  Half-Russia, 
$22.00.  Great  Britain,  Cloth,  £4  7s. ;  Half-Russia,  £5  15s.  France,  Cloth, 
93  fr.  95 ;  Half-Russia,  124  fr.  35. 

The  Satellite  of  the  "  Annual  of  the  Universal  Medical  Sciences."  A 
Monthly  Review  of  the  most  important  articles  upon  the  practical  branches  of 
Medicine  appearing  in  the  medical  press  at   large,  edited  by  the  Chief  Editor  of 

the  A.NNUAL  and  an   able    stall'.     Published  in   connection  with  tin-  A.\.\ru„  ami 
for  its  Subscribers  Only- 


Editorial  Staff  of  the  Annual  of  the   Universal  Medical  Sciences. 

CONTKTIJUTOKS  TO  SERIES  1888,  1889,   1890.   1891. 

Editok-in-Chibp,  CHARLES  E.  SA.IOUS,  M.D.,  Philadelphia. 


SENIOR   ASSOCIATE    EDITORS. 

Agnew,  I>.  Saves,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  Philadelphia, 

Beries  of  1888,  1889. 
Baldy, .;.  M..  m.i>..  Philadelphia,  I89L 
Barton,  J.  M..  A.M.,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  [889, 

Mia.  1891. 
Birdaall,  W.  U.,   M.l>„  New  York,  1889,  1890, 

1891. 
Ili-own,  F.  \\\,  M.I)  .  Detroit.  |K!W.  IS!I|. 
Bruen,  Edward  T.,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  i- 
Brnsh,   Edward  N.,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  1889, 

1890,  is'.'i. 
Cohen,  J.  Holla,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,   1888   1889 

1890,  1891. 
Conner,  P.  8.,  M.D.,   LL.D.,  Cinolnnal 

1889,  1890,  1891. 

Currier,  A    I-'.,  A.I'..,  M.I>.,  New  York,   1889, 

1890,  189L 

Davids,,.!.  C.  ('..  M  D  .  Phlladelphl  i 
!>;, \  is.  N.  H.,  A.M.,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  <  I 

1889,  1890,  1881. 
Delafield,  Francis,  M.D.  New  York.  1888. 
Delavan,  D.  Bryson,  M.D..   New   York,  1888, 

L889,  1890,  189] . 
Draper,  !•'.  Winthrnp.  A.M.,  M.D..  New  York, 

[888,  1889   1890,  1891. 
Dudley,  Edward  C,  M.D.,  Chicago,  l- 
Ernst,"  Harold  «'.,   a.m..   m.i>.,  Boston,   1689, 

18JM,  1891. 
Forbes,  William  8.,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  1888, 

1889,  L890. 
Oarrotson,   J.  E.,  M.D.,    Philadelphia,    1888, 

1889. 


<  •  ,  ton,  J.   McFadden,   M.D  .    Atlant  , 

1891. 
Qihon,   Uberi  T .  A.M..  M.D..  Brooklyn 

1889,  1890  1891. 
Good  ii.  William,   M.D..    Philadelphia, 

1889.  1890, 

Grav.  Landon  Carter,  M.D.,  NewYorM 
1891. 

b,  i   p.  Croser,  M.D..  Philad,  Iphl 

1890,  [89J, 

Guilford.  S.  H.,  D.D.8.,   Ph.D.,  Philadelphia, 

,-.  John,  M.D  .  Ph.D.,  Charlestoi 

Hamilton.  John  B  .  M.D..  II.  D  .  Wash 

Hare,   Hobarl    Vmorv,  M.D.,   B  3e  .  l'i  lladel- 

phia  1888,  1880   1890,  ;  - 
Henrv.  Frederick  P.,  M.D.,  Philadelphi ,.  1889, 

IgnO,  1891 
II,  ,11  ,n,l..l.  W  .Ml'      I 

Holt   L.  la tt.  M .!>.  New   \  oi  I 

1891. 
Howell,   W.    II..    Ph.D.,   M  D.   Ann    Arbor, 

I    1890,  1801. 
linn.  Henry,  M.D..    Uhanv, 
Hooper.  Franklin  II  .  M  D.    I  1891. 

l     I  ..  i.  h<  r,   \M  .  M.D..  Chicafjo,  IKSft, 
IS91. 

\^  .  W  .    \  M  .  M.D.J 
Johnston,  Christopher,  M.D.,  Baltimon 

Johnston.  W.  \\'.,  M  D  .  ' 
[890,  1891. 


(») 


Medical  Publicaliom  of  F.  A.  Davis,  Philadel/ihia. 


SENIOR   ASSOCIATE    EDITORS 

(continued). 

Keating'  John  M.,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  1888. 
Kelsey"  Charles  l'..,  M.D.,New  York,  1888, 1889, 

1890,  1891. 
K.'v.s,    Edward  L.,  A.M.,  M.D.,  New  York, 

1888,  1889,  1890,  1891. 

Knapp,  Philip  Coombs,  M.D.,  Boston,  1891. 
Laplace     Ernest,  A.M.,  M.D.,  Philadelphia, 

181)0.  1891. 
Lee,  John  G.,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  1888. 
Leidy,  Joseph.  M.D.,  LL.D.,  Philadelphia,  1888, 

1889,  is! hi,  1891. 

Lonestreth,  Morris,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  1888, 

L889,  1890. 
Loomis,  Alfred  L.,  M.D.,   LL.D.,  New  York, 

1888,  1889. 
Lyman,  Henry  M.,  A.M.,  M.D.,  Chicago,  1888. 
McGuire,  Hunter,  M.D.,   LL.D.,   Richmond, 

1888 
Man  ton,  Walter  P.,  M.D.,  F.R.M.S.,  Detroit, 

1888,  1889,  1890,  1891. 

Martin,  H.  Newell,  M.D.,  M.A.,  Dr.  Sc,  F.R.S., 

Baltimore,  1888, 1889. 
Matas,   Rudolph,    M.D.,   New    Orleans,    1890, 

1891. 
Mears,  J.  Ewing,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  1888, 1889, 

1890,  1891. 

Mills,  Charles  K.,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  1888. 
Minot,   Ohas.   Sedgwick,  M.D.,  Boston.  1888, 

1889,  1890,  1891. 

Montgomery,  E.  E.,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  1891. 
Morton,   Thos.  G.,   M.D.,   Philadelphia,   1888, 

1889 
Mini ile.'  Paul  F.,  M.D.,  New  York,  1888,   1889, 

1890,  1891. 

Oliver,  Charles  A.,  A.M.,  M.D.,  Philadelphia, 

1889,  1890,  1891. 
Packard,  John  H.,  A.M.,  M.D.,  Philadelphia, 

1888,  1889,  1S90,  1891. 

Parish,  Win.  H.,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  1888, 1889, 
1890. 

Parvin,  Theopliilus,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  Philadel- 
phia, 1888,  1889. 

Pierce,  O.  N..  D.D.B.,  Philadelphia,  1888. 

Pepper,  William,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  Philadelphia, 
1888. 

Rannev,   Ambrose  L.,  M.D.,  New  York,  1888, 

1889,  1890. 

Richardson.  W.  L.,  M.D., Boston.  1888,  1889. 
Rockwell,  A.  D.,  A.M..  M.D..  New  York,  1891. 
Rohe'.  Geo.  H.,  M.D.,  Baltimore.  1888, 1889, 1890, 

1891. 
Saious,  Chas.  E.,  M.D..  Philadelphia.  1888, 1889, 

1890,1891. 
Savre,  Lewis  A..  M.D.,  New  York,  1890.  1891. 
Segnin    E.  0.,  M.D.,   Providence,   1888,  1889, 

~  1890.  1891. 
Senn,  Nicholas,  M.D.,  Ph.D.,  Milwaukee,  1888, 

1889. 
Shakspeare.  E.  O.,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  1888. 
Shattuck,  F.  C,  M.D.,  Boston,  1890. 
Smith.  Allen  J.,  A.M.,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  1890, 

1891. 
Smith.  .T.  Lewis,  M.D.,  New  York,  1888,  1889, 

1890,  1891. 

Spitzka.  E.  C,  M.D.,  New  York.  1888. 

Starr,    Louis,   M.P.,   Philadelphia,  1888,  1889, 

1890   1891 
Stimson.  Lewis  A.,  M.D.,  New  York,  1888,  1889, 

1890,  1891. 
Biuvgis,  F.  R..  M  D.,  New  York.  1888. 
Sudduth,  F.  X..  A.M..  M.D  .  F.R.M.iS.,  Minne- 
apolis, 1888,  1889,  1890,  1891, 
Thomson,  William,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  1SS8. 
Thomson.  Wm.  H.,  M.D..  New  York;  1888. 
Tiflfanv,   L.   McLane,  A.M.,  M.D.,  Baltimore, 

1890.  1891. 
Tumbull,  ('has.  S..  M.D.,  Ph.D.,  Philadelphia, 

1888.  1889,  1S90  1891. 
Tvson.  James,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  1S88,  1889, 

189:1. 
Van  Harlingen,  Arthur,  M.D.,  Philadelphia, 

1888,  1880,  1890. 1891. 
Vinder  Veer,  Albert,   M.D..  Ph.D.,   Albany, 

1890. 
Whittaker.  .Tas.  T.,  M.D.,  Cincinnati.  1888, 1889, 

1890,  1891. 
Whittier.  E.  N..  M.D..  Boston,  1890,  1891. 
Wilson.  ,l:mies  C.,  A.M.,   M.D.,  Philadelphia, 

1888.  1S89.  1890,  1891. 


Wirgman,  ('has.,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  1888. 

Witherstiiie,  C.  Suniner.  .M.S.,  M.D.,  i'hila- 
delpliia, 1888,  1889,  1890,  1891. 

White,  j.  William,  ALL.,  Philadelphia,  1889, 
1890,  I  old. 

Young,  .las.  K.,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  1891. 

JUNIOR   ASSOCIATE    EDITORS. 

Baldy,  J.  M.,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  1890. 

Bliss.  Arthur  Ames,  A.M.,  M.P.,  Philadelphia, 
1890,  1891. 

Catteii,  11.  W.,  M.D..  Philadelphia,  1890,  1891. 

Cerna,  David,  M.D. ,  PhD..  Philadelphia,  1891. 

Clark,.l.  Payson,  M.D.,  Boston,  1890,  1891. 

Crandall,  V.  M.,  M.D.,  New  York,  1891. 

Cohen,  Solomon  .Sobs,  A.M.,  M.D.,  Philadel- 
phia, 1890,  189L 

Cryer,  II.  M.,  M.D.,  Philadelphia.  1889. 

Deale,  Henry  B.,  M.D.,  Washington,  1891. 

Dollev,  C.  S.,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  1889,  1890, 
1891. 

Bollinger,  Julius.  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  1889. 

Dorland,  W.  A.,  M.D..  Philadelphia  1891. 

Freeman,  Leonard,  M.D.,  Cincinnati,  1891. 

Goodell.  W.  Constantine,  M.D,,  Philadelphia, 

1888,  1889,  1890. 

Gould,  Geo.  M..M.D..  Philadelphia,  1889,  1890. 

Greene,  E.  M..  M.D.,  Boston,  1891. 

Griffith,  J.  P.  Crozer,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  1888. 

Hoag,  Junius,  M.D.,  Chicago,  1888. 

Howell,  W.  H.,  PhD.,  B.A.,  Baltimore,  1888, 

1889 
Hunt,  William,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  1888,  1889. 
Jackson.  Henrv,  M.D.,  Boston,  1891. 
Kirk,  Edward  C.,  D.D.S..  Philadelphia,  1888. 
Llovd,  James   Hendrie,  M.D.,   Philadelphia, 

1888. 
McDonald.  Willis  G..M.D..  Albany,  1890. 
Penrose,  Chas.  B.,  M.D..  Philadelphia.  1890. 
Powell.  W.  M.,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  1889,  1890, 

1891. 
Quimbv,  Chas.  E.,  M.D.,  New  York,  1889. 
Bayre,  Reginald  IL,  M.D.,  New  York,  1890. 1891. 
Smith,    Allen  J.,  A.M.,  M.D.,    Philadelphia, 

1889,  1890. 

Vickery,  H.  F.,  M.D.,  Boston,  1891. 
Warfieid.  Ridgely  B.,  M.D..  Baltimore,  1891. 
Warner.  Frederick  M.,  M.D..  New  York.  1891. 
Weed.  Charles  L.,  A.M.,  M.D.,  Philadelphia, 

1888,  1S89. 
Wells.  Brooks  H.,  M.D.,  New  York,  1888,  1889, 

1890,  189k 

Wolff,  Lawrence.  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  1890. 
Wyman,   Wralter,    A.M.,   M.D.,    Washington, 
1891. 

ASSISTANTS    TO    ASSOCIATE 
EDITORS. 

Baruch,  S.,  M.D.,  New  York.  1888. 
Beatty,  Franklin  T.,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  1888. 
Brown,  Dillon,  M.D..  New  York,  1888. 
Buechler,  A.  F.,  M.D.,  New  York.  1888. 
Burr,  Chas.  W.,  M.D..  Philadelphia.  1891. 
Cohen.  Solomon   Sobs,    M.D.,    Philadelphia, 

1889. 
Cooke,  B.  G.,  M.D..  New  York,  1888. 
Coolidge.  Algernon.  Jr.,  M.D..  Boston,  1S90. 
Currier,  A.  P.,  M.D.,  New  York,  1888. 
Daniels.  F.  H.,  A.M..  M.D.,  New  York.  1888. 
Deale  Henrv  B.,  M.D.,  Washington.  1890. 
Eshner,  A.  A..  M.D.,  Philadelphia.  1891. 
Could   George  M..  M.D..  Philadelphia.  1888. 
Grandm    Egbert  H.,  M.D.,  New  York,  1888, 

1889- 

Greene    E.  M..  M  D..  Boston.  1890. 
Ouite'ras.  G.  M.,  M.D..  Washington.  1890. 
Hauee,  I.  H.  A.M.,  M.D..  New  York,  1891. 
Klingenschmidt,  C.  H.  A.,  M.D.,  Washington, 

Martin.' Edward,  M.D.,  Philadelphia.  1891. 
McKee   E   S    M.D.,  Cincinnati,  1889, 1890, 189L 

Myers   P.  HL  M.D  .  New  York,  1888. 
Packard.  F.  A..  M.D..  Philadelphia  1890. 
Prltchard.  W.  B..  M.D.,  New  York.  1891. 
Kannree    E    H.    A.M..  M.D. .  Philadelphia,  181)0. 
Sears   G.  G.,  M.D..  Hoston.  1890. 
Khulz.  R.  C,  M.D..  New  York.  1801. 
Souwers.  Geo.  F.,  M.D.,  Philadelphia.  18SS. 
Taylor  H.  L..  M.D.,  Cincinnati.  1889,  1890. 
Vansant,  Eugene  L.,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  1888. 


(28) 


Medical  Publications  of  F.  A.  Davis,  Philadelphia. 


ASSISTANTS    TO    ASSOCIATE 

EDITORS-(CONTINUED). 

Vlckery,  II.  F,  -M.L.,  Boston,  I8G0. 

Warner,  P.  M.,  M.D.,  New    York,  1888,  1889, 

1890. 
Wells,  Brooks  EL,  M.I>.,  New  York,  188a 
Wcii.it,  E.  u.j  M.D.,  New  York,  i- 
Wilclor,  W.  ll..  M.D.,  Uincinnatl   ;- 
Wilson,  U.  M<  igs,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  I 
Wilson,  W,  i:.,  .M.l».,  Philadelphia,  1801. 

CORRESPONDING    STAFF. 
EUROPE. 

Ant ai.  Dr.  Gesav.,  Puda-Pesth,  Hungary. 

Baginsky,  Dr.  A.,  Berlin,  Germany. 

Baratoux,  Dr.  J..  Paris,  France. 

Barker.Mr.  A.  )■:..).,  London,  England. 

Barnes,  Dr.  Kancourt,  London,  England. 

Bayer,  Dr.  <  ail,  Prague.  Austria. 

Boucbut,  Dr.  L.,  Paris,  France. 

Bourni  ville,  Dr.  A..  Paris,  France. 

BramwelL  Dr.  Byron,  Edinburgh,  Scotland. 

Carter,  Mr.  William,  Liverpool,  England. 

Uaspari,  Dr.  G.  A.,  Moscow,  Russia. 

Ubiralt  y  Selma,  Dr.  v..  Seville,  Spain. 

Uordes.'Dr.  A..,  Geneva,  Switzerland. 

D'Estrees,  Dr.  Debout.  Contrexeville,  France. 

Uiakonoff,  Dr.  P.  J.,  Moscow,  Russia. 

Dobrasbian,  Dr.  G.  S.,  Constantinople,  Tur- 
key. 

Doleiis,  l>r.  I...  Taris.  Franco. 

Doutrelepont,  Prof.,  Bonn,  Germany. 

1  loyoii,  Dl'.  i  L,  Lyons,  France. 

Drzewiecki,  l>r.  ,1os..  Warsaw,  Poland. 

Dubois-Reymond,  Prof.,  Berlin,  Germany. 

Ducrey,  l>r.  A..  Naples,  Italy. 

Duiardin-Beaumetz,  Dr.,  Paris,  France. 

Duke,  Dr.  Alexander,  Dublin,  Irelaud. 

Eklund,  Dr.  1'.,  Stockholm,  Sweden. 

Fokker,  Dr.  A.  P.,  Groningen,  Holland. 

Fort,  1  >r.   I.  A.,  Paris,  France. 

Foamier.  l>r.  Henri,  Paris,  France. 

Franks,  Dr.  Kendal,  Dublin,  Ireland. 

l-'iviiiv.  1  >r.  l [.,  Nice.  France. 

Fry,  l  ir.  George,  I  lublin,  1 1  eland 

Qolowina,  Dr.  A.,  Varna,  Bulgaria. 

Gouguenbeim,  Dr.  A.,  Paris,  France. 

Haig,  I'r.  A.,  London,  England. 

Hainon,  Mr.  A.,  Paris,  Fi  ance. 

Harley,  Mr.  V:,  London.  England. 

Harley,  Mr.  II.  R.,  Nottingham,  England. 

Harley,  Prof.  Geo.,  London,  England. 

Harpe,  Dr.  de  la,  Lan-aimr.  Switzerland. 

Hartmann,  Prof.  Arthur,  Berlin,  Germany. 
;i  inn.  I  >r.  .1..  Vienna.  Austria. 

Kelferich,  Pr<  i..  Greifswald,  Germany. 

Hewetson,  Dr.  Bendelack,  Leeds,  England. 

Holt.  Dr,  B.  M.,  Copenhagen,  Denmark. 

Humphreys,  Dr.  1-.  Rowland,  London,  Eng- 
land. 

Mingworth,  Dr.  C.  K..  Accrington,  England. 

Jones,  I  ir.  1 '.  M.  de  Silva,  Lisbon,  Portugal 

Knott.  i>r.  .1.  K..  Dublin,  Ireland. 

Krause,  Dr.  IL.  Berlin,  Germany. 

Landolt,  Dr.  K.,  Paris,  France. 

Levison,  Dr.  J.,  Copenhagen,  Denmark. 

Lutaud,  I  »r.  A..  Pai  is.  France. 

Mackay,  Dr.  w.  \..  Eiuelva,  Spain. 

Mackowen,  Dr.  T.  i '..  Capri.  Italy. 

Manche",  Dr.  I...  Valetta,  Malta. 

Massei,  Prof.  1'..  Naples,  Italy. 

Mendez,  Prof.  K..  Barcelona,  Spain. 

Meyer,  l  >r.  F...  Naples,  Italy. 

Meyer,  Prof.  W„  Copenhagen.  Denmark. 

Monod.  i  'i .  i  bai  l<  -.  Pai  Is,  Prance. 

Montefusco,  Prof.  A..  Naples.  Italv. 

More-Madden,  Prof.  Thomas,  Dublin,  Ireland. 

Morel,  Dr.  J.,  I  Ihent,  Belgium. 

Mygind,  Dr.  Holger,  Copenhagen,  Denmark. 

Mynlieff.  It.  a..  Breukelen,  Holland. 

Napier,  Dr.  A.  D.  Lelth,  London,  England. 

Nicolich,  l  >i  .  Trieste,  Ausl  rfa, 

Oberlander,  l>r..  Dresden,  Germany. 

( Ibersteiner,  Prof.,  \  i.  ana  Austi  la. 

Pampoukis,  Dr.,  Athens,  Greece, 

Pansoni,  I  »r..  Naples,  Itailj . 

Parker,  Mr.  Rushton,  Liverpool,  England, 

Pel,  Prof.  P.  k"..  Amsterdam,  Holland. 

Pippinskjold,  I>r..  Helslngfors,  Finland 

Pulido,  Prof.  Angel,  Madrid,  Spain 


Rona,  Dr.  s.,  Buda-Pesth,  Hut 

isch,  I  »i .  1...  L\  o\ .  < ,    . 
Rossbach,  Prof.  M.  I1'..  Jena,  Germ 

St.  I  o  i  in. in:.  1  >r.  de.  l'u 

Prof.  M.,  I  many. 

Schiffers,  Prof.,  Liege.  Belgium. 

Schmiegelow,    Prof.    E.,    Copenhagen,    Den 
mark. 

Dr.  G.  M.,  Moscow,  I: 

Simon,  I n.  Jules   I  ice. 

Sollier,  Dr.  P.,  Pa 

Solowieff,  Dr.  A.  N.,  Lip< 

Prof.  it.  de  l.i.  Seville,  Spain. 

Sprimont,  I  ii ..  Mos<  ow,  Rust 

sto,  kvis.  Prof.  B.  J.,  Amsterdam,  Holland. 

Szadek,  Dr.  <  -art,  K  ew, 

Tait,  Mr.  Law  son,  Birmingham,  Englaud. 

Tbiriar.  I  ir  .  Brn  uui. 

Triflletti,  Dr.,  Naples,  Italy. 

Tuke,  Dr.  D.'Hack,  London.  England. 

I'll  ik,  J»i.  Axel,  i  . 

Unverricht,  Prof.,  any. 

Van  dei  Mey,  Prof,  G.  IL.  Amsterdam,  Hol- 
land. 

Vim  Leent,  Dr.  1'..  Arasterd  im,  Holland. 

Van  Millmgen,  Prof,  i 
key. 

Van  Rijnberk,  Dr.,  Amsterdam,  Holland. 

Wilson,  1  >r.  <  leorge,  l^eamii  tnd. 

Wolfenden,  Dr.  Norris,  London,  England. 

Zweifel,  Prof.,  Leipzig,  Germany. 

AMERICA     AND     WEST     INDIES. 

Bittencourt,  Dr.  J.  C,  Rio  Janeiro,  Brazil 

Cooper.  Lr.  An-i  n  N..  Buenos  Ayres,  A 

tine  Republic. 
Dagnino,  Prof.  Manuel,  euezuela. 

Desvernine,  Dr.  C.  M..  Havana.  Cuba, 
I-'ci  nandez,  I>i .  J.  I...  Havana,  i 
Finlay,  Dr.  Charles,  Havana,  Cuba. 
Fontecha,  Prof,  R.,  Tegucigalpa,  Hondui 
Harvey,  Dr.  Eldon,  Hamilton,  Bermuda. 
Herdocia,  Dr,  E.  Leon,  Nicaragua. 
Levi.  lir.  Joseph,  i 'olon,  l'.  s.  Columbia, 
Mello.  Dr.  V  iei  ra  de,  K  Bi  azil. 

Mo  i.  Dr.  J.  v,  .  r„  i./c.  British  Honduras. 
Mi  mi  oi  vo,  Prof.,  Rio  Jai  eii  o,  Bi  aziL 
I  'it.  Dr.  L.  1'..  Havana,  Cuba. 
Lake,  i it.  Beavi  n.  Trinidad. 
Rincon,  l»r.  F..  Maracaibo,  Venezuela. 
Semeleder,  Dr,  F.,  Mexico,  Mexico, 
Soriano.  Dr.  M.  S.,  Mexic  >,  Mexico. 
Strachan,  Dr.  Henry,  Kingston,  Jamaica. 

OCEANICA,     AFRICA,     AND     ASIA. 

Baelz,  Prof.  i:..  Tokyo.  Japan. 

Barrett,  Dr.Jaa.  W.,  M<  Ibmirne,  Australia. 

Branfoi  t,  I  >r.   \.  .M..  Madras,  India. 

■         _.•  irgiades,  Dr.  J.  < ;..  Lima&sol,  Cypi 

Cochran,  I  >r.  Josepli  I*.,  <  iroomiab,  i 

Coltman,  1  >  r.  Robert,  Jr.,  Cbe-foo,  China. 

Condict,  Dr.  Alice  \\ ..  Bombay,  India. 

e,  I  ir.  John  M..  Syd   ey,  A  ustralla. 
Dalzell,  l>r.  J. 

Dianiantopulos,  I  \  rna.  'I'm  Id 

Drake  Brockman,  Dr.,  Madras,  India. 

raid,  Mr.  T.  N  .  Melboui  ne,   \n-t        i 
Fori  in. in.  Dr.  I. .  s> iincv,  Australia 
Qaidzagian,  Dr.  Oban,  A  Minor. 

Dr.  Dai  id,  Melbourw 
Johnson,  Dr.  IL,  Dera  Ishmall  Khan,  B 

elusian. 

Kiniiu.i.  Prof.  J.  K.,  Tokyo,  Japan 
Knaggv,  Di    s.,  Sydney,  Australia. 

-eii.  l  m  .  L.i  shara  I  ,  Hi  nmuu 

in  A*i  i. 

Mc(  'andless   Dr.  H.  H.  Hainan,  <  'inn  a, 

Moloney,  I  >r.  J.,  Melbou 

Nc\ c.  Dr.  Ai tliur.  Bombay , Im 
Perez.  Dr.  ( 

rlffe. 
lieid,  Dr.  John,  Melboui  ne,   \ 

■  »on,  Dr.  W.  K.,  P  ,\pt. 

Kini\  ler,  Prof.  .'  uli  -.  I 

in,  I  M  .  William  ! 
Slnclaii ,  Dr.  H.,  8j  dnej ,  Ausl 
Thompson.  Dr.  Jamec  !'• .  Petchaltui  t  c.   - 
Wheeler,  Dr.  P.i  l<  m,  Palestine. 

Whitney,  In.  ll    I     I     •  h  u.  i  inn  i. 
Whitney,  Dr.  W.  Norton,  Tokyo,  Japan. 


(29) 


Medical  Publications  of  F.  A.  Davis,  JPfiiladelphia. 


JiANNBY 

Lectures  on  Nervous  Diseases. 

From  the  Stand-Potnt  of  Cerebral   and   Spinal  Localization,  and 

the  Later  Methods  Employed  in  the  Diagnosis  and 

Treatment  of  these  Affections. 

By  Ambrose  L.  Ranney,  A.M.,  M.D.,  Professor  of  the  Anatomy  and 
Physiology  of  the  Nervous  System  in   the  New  York   Post-Graduate 

Medical  School  and  Hospital;  Professor  of  Nervous  and  Mental  Diseases 
in  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  Vermont,  etc. ;  Author 
of  "The  Applied  Anatomy  of  the  Nervous  System,"  "  Practical  Medical 
Anatomy,"  etc.,  etc. 

It  is  now  generally  conceded  that  the  nervous  system  controls  all 
of  the  physical  functions  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  and  also  that  most 
of  the  symptoms  encountered  at  the  bedside  can  be  explained  and 
interpreted  from  the  stand-point  of  nervous  physiology. 

Profusely  illustrated  with  original  diagrams  and  sketches  in  color 
by  the  author,  carefully  selected  wood-engravings,  and  reproduced  photo- 
graphs of  typical  cases.    One  handsome  royal  octavo  volume  of  780  pages. 

SOLD  ONLY  BY  SUBSCRIPTION,  OR  SENT  DIRECT  ON  RECEIPT  OF  PRICE, 
SHIPPING  EXPENSES  PREPAID. 

Price,  in  United  States,  Cloth,  $5.50;  Sheep,  $6.50 ;  Half-Russia,  $7.00. 
Canada  (duty  paid),  Cloth,  $6.05 ;  Sheep,  $7.15  ;  Half-Russia,  $7.70. 
Great  Britain,  Cloth,  32s. ;  Sheep,  37s.  6d. ;  Half-Russia,  40s.  France, 
Cloth,  34  fr.  70;  Sheep,  40  fr.  45;  Half-Russia,  43  fr.  30. 


We  are  glad  to  note  tliat  Dr.  Ranney  has 
published  in  book  form  his  admirable  lectures 
on  nervous  diseases.  His  book  contains  over 
seven  hundred  large  pages,  and  is  profusely 
illustrated  with  original  diagrams  and  sketches 
in  colors,  and  with  many  carefully  selected 
wood-cuts  and  reproduced  photographs  of 
typical  cases.  A  large  amount  of  valuable 
information,  not  a  little  of  which  has  but 
recently  appeared  in  medical  literature,  is  pre- 


sented in  compact  form,  and  thus  made  easily 
accessible.  In  our  opinion,  Dr.  Rnnney's  book 
ought  to  meet  with  a  cordial  reception  at  the 
hands  of  the  medical  profession,  for,  even 
though  the  author's  views  may  be  sometimes 
open  to  question,  it  cannot  be  disputed  that 
his  work  beats  evidence  of  scientific  method 
and  honest  opinion. — American  Journal  of 
Insanity. 


STANTON'S 

Practical  and  Scientific  Physiognomy; 

OR 

I~Io\x7-    to    Read    Faces. 

By  Mary  -Olmsted  Stanton.  Copiously  illustrated.  Two  large 
Octavo  volumes. 

The  author,  Mrs.  Mary  O.  Stanton,  has  given  over  twenty  years  to 
the  preparation  of  this  work.  Her  style  is  easy,  and,  by  her  happy 
method  of  illustration  of  every  point,  the  book  reads  like  a  novel  and 
memorizes  itself.  To  physicians  the  diagnostic  information  conveyed  is 
invaluable.  To  the  general  reader  each  page  opens  a.  new  train  of  ide:is, 
(This  book  has  no  reference  whatever  to  phrenology.) 

SOLD  ONLY  BY  SUBSCRIPTION,  OK  SENT  DIRECT  03J  RECEIPT  OF  PRICE, 
SHIPPING  EXPENSES  PREPAID. 

Price,  in  United  States,  Cloth,  $9.00;  Sheep,  $11.00  ;  Half-Russia,  $13.00. 
Canada  (duty  paid),  Cloth,  $10.00;  Sheep,  $12.10;  Half-Russia, 
$14.30.  Great  Britain,  Cloth,  56s. ;  Sheep,  63s. ;  Half-Russia,  80s. 
France,  Cloth,  30  fr.  30 ;  Sheep,  36  fr.  40 ;  Half-Russia,  43  fr.  30. 

(30) 


Medical  Publications  of  F.  A.  Davis,  Philadelphia. 


S  A  JO  US 

Lectures  on  the  Diseases  of  the  IMose 
and  Throat. 

Delivered  at  the  Jefferson  Medical  College,  Philadelphia. 

By  Charles  E.  Sajous,  M.I).  Formerly  Lecturer  on  EUiinology  aud 
Laryngology  in  Jefferson  Medical  College;  Vice-President  of  the 
American  Laryngological  Association;  Officer  of  the  Academy  of 
France  and  of  Public  [nstruction  of  Venezuela;  Corresponding  Member 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  Belgium,  of  the  Medical  Society  of  Warsaw 
(Poland),  aud  of  the  Society  of  Hygiene  of  France;  Member  of  the 
American  Philosophical  Society,  etc.,  etc. 

J^T° Si no'  the  i>nhlixlivr  brotitjhi  this  valuable  work  before  the  pro- 
fession, it  has  become :  1st,  the  text-book  of  a  large  number  of  colli 
2d,  the  reference-book  of  the  U.  S.  Arm;/,  Navy,  and  the  Marine  N  rvice; 
and,  3d,  an  important  and  valued  addition  to  the  libraries  of  over  10,000 
physicians. 

This  book  has  not  only  the  inherent  merit  of  presenting  a  clear 
expose  of  the  subject,  but  it  is  written  with  :i  view  to  enable  the  general 
practitioner  to  treat  his  cases  himself.  To  facilitate  diagnosis,  colored 
plates  are  introduced,  showing  the  appearance  of  the  different  parts  in 
the  diseased  state  as  they  appear  in  nature  by  artificial  light.  No  error 
can  thus  be  made,  as  each  affection  of  the  nose  and  throat  has  its  repre- 
sentative in  the  100  chromolithographs  presented.  In  the  matter  of 
treatment,  the  indications  are  so  complete  that  even  the  slightest  pro- 
cedures, folding  of  cotton  for  the  forceps,  the  use  of  the  probe,  etc.,  are 
clearly  explained. 

Illustrated  with  100  chromolithographs,  from  oil  paintings  l>y  the 
author,  and  93  engravings  on  wood.    One  handsome  royal  octavo  volume. 

SOLD  ONLY  BY  SUBSCRIPTION,  OR  SENT  DIRECT  ON   RECEIPT  OF  PRICE, 
SHIPPING  EXPENSES  PREPAID. 

Price,  in  United  States,  Cloth,  Royal  Octavo,  $i  .00 ;  Half-Russia,  Roral 

Octavo,  $5.00.    Canada  (duty  paid),  Cloth,  $4.40  ;  Half-Russia,  $3.50. 

Great  Britain,  Cloth,  22s.  6d. ;  Sheep  or  Half-Russia,  28s.     France, 

Cloth,  24  fr.  60 ;  Half- Russia,  30  fr.  30. 

It  is  intended  to  furnish  the  general  practi-  t"  him  were  they  seen  in  t!i<-  tiring  • 

tioner  not  only  with  a  guide  for  the  treatment  As  a  guide  to  the  treatment  ol  the  no 

oi  diseases  of  the  nose  and  throat,  but  also  to       thi  irdtallyi mmend  this  work. 

place  before  him  a  representation  of  the  nor-  ■  — Boston  Medical  and  SurgiccU  Jot 

mal  and  diseased  parts  as  they  would  appear  || 


X2T     PEESC. 

THE  CHINESE :  Their  Present  and  Future  ;  Medical,  Political,  and  Social. 

By  ROBERT  COLTM  \  X.  Jr.,  Ml)  .  Sin-con  in  Charge  ofthe  Presbyterian 
Hospital  and  Dispensary  at  Ten-  Cho"«  Fu;  <  'onsulting  Physician  of  the  An 
Southern  Baptist  Mission  Society;  Examiner  in  Surgery  and  Diseases  ol  f 
for  the  Bhantune  Medical  Class;  Consulting  Physician  to  the  English  Baptist 
Missions,  etc.  Illustrated  with  about  Sixteen  Pine  En  pra\  In  ■  from  photoj  raphs 
of  persons,  places,  and  objects  characteristic  of  China.  In  one  Octavo  volume  of 
about  350  pages.     Rraot  A.boi  t  Dkoi  kbi  r  l.  18D1. 

The  author  has  spent  many  years  among  tin-  Chinese;   lived  with  them 
in  their  dwellings;  thoroughly  learned  the  language;  has  become  com 
with  all  their  Btrange  and  odd  characteristics  to  a  •_•;■•  ater  extent  than  almost  any 
other  American,     lie  has  been  a  physician  i"  all  classes  of  this  wonderful  people, 
ami  the  opportunities  thus  afforded  for  a  clear  insight  into  the  inner  lite  of  the 

Chinese,  their  virtues  and  vices,  political,  social,  and   Banitary  condition,  probate 

destiny,  and  their  present  important  position  in  the  world  to  day.  have  been  ably 
and  wiselj  used  by  Dr.  Coltman. 

(31) 


Medical  Publications  of  F.  A.  Davis,  Philadelphia. 


yearly  Ready.     Will  be  Issued  about  October  1,  1891. 


Age  of  the  Domestic  Animals. 

Being  a    Complete   Treatise  on   tijk   Dentition   of  the   Horse,  Ox, 

Sheep,  Bog,  and  Dog,  and  <>n  the  Various  Otheb  Means 

of  Telling  the  Age  of  these  Animals. 

By  Rush  Shippen  Huidekoper,  M.D.,  Veterinarian,  A 1  fort,  France. 
Professor  of  Sanitary  Medicine  and  Veterinary  Jurisprudence  in  the 
American  Veterinary  College,  New  York;  Lieutenant-Colonel  and  Sur- 
geon-in-Chief  National  Guard  of  Pennsylvania;  Fellow  of  the  College 
of  Physicians,  Philadelphia;  Honorary  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College 
Veterinary  Surgeons,  London  ;  L:ite  Dean  of  the  Veterinary  Department 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  etc.,  etc. 

Complete  in  one  handsome  Royal  Octavo  volume,  with  about  l(i<» 
Illustrations.  This  is  one  of  the  most  important  works  on  the  domestic 
animals  published  in  recent  years. 


Heady  Very  Shortly. 


A,  B,  C  of  the  Swedish  System  of 
Educational  Gymnastics. 

A  Practical  Hand-Book  for  School-Teachers  and  the  Home. 

By  Hartvig  Nissen,  Instructor  of  Physical  Training  in  the  Public 
Schools  of  Boston,  Mass.;  Instructor  of  Swedish  and  German  Gymnas- 
tics at  Harvard  University's  Summer  School.  1891;  Author  of  UA 
Manual  on  Swedish  Movement  and  Massage  Treatment,''  etc.,  etc. 

Complete  in  one  neat  12mo  volume,  bound  in  extra  flexihle  cloth 
and  appropriately  illustrated  with  77  excellent  engravings  aptly  eluci- 
dating the  text. 


Lectures  on  Auto-Intoxication. 

By  Prof.  Bouchard,  Paris.  Translated  from  the  French,  with  an 
Original  Appendix  by  the  author.  By  Thomas  Oliver,  M.D.,  Professor 
of  Phj'siology  in  University  of  Durham,  England.     In  Press. 


(32) 


Date  Due 


UCLA-Geology   Geophysics  Library 

F  867  R28m 


L  006  572  377  7 


UC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  F 

AA    001  198  356 


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li 


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